Commercial
Semiconductors
其定义
Material quantities per chip are tiny; the binding constraints are purity and the number of qualified suppliers, not tonnage. A single contaminated gas shipment can idle a fab.
材料清单
放大规模 →数量为 per 300 mm wafer参考区间
将这些数据理解为"大致如此，存在一定误差"。每家制造商的设计各有不同，且随着工程师逐步减少对高价物料的用量，数据会随时间下降。
| 材料 | 低 | 高 | 单位 | 基准 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silicon 关键 | 0.12 | 0.15 | kg | One 300 mm wafer weighs about 125 g |
| Hafnium 关键 Milligrams per wafer, with no substitute. | 痕量 | 痕量 | kg | Atomic-layer gate dielectric |
| Helium Consumed as gas, not incorporated. | 痕量 | 痕量 | kg | Process cooling and leak detection |
| High-Purity Quartz Consumption is per ingot, not per wafer. | 痕量 | 痕量 | kg | Consumed as crucible during crystal growth |
| Tungsten 关键 Grams per wafer. | 痕量 | 痕量 | kg | Contacts and vias |
Indicative range compiled from published technology studies and chemistry; verify against a manufacturer specification before use. 标注为"微量"的行表示该物料含量极低，无法以质量形式有效表达——其制约因素在于纯度或供应商数量，而非吨位。
替代方案
替代是材料领域最被低估的力量。当某种金属价格高涨或在政治上难以获取时，工程师便会绕开它进行设计——整座矿山的需求可能因此消失殆尽。
Cadmium Telluride Thin-Film Module
A solar panel a few microns thick, using no silicon at all.
Crystalline Silicon Solar Module
The standard solar panel: silicon wafers, silver contact paste, glass and an aluminium frame.
Gallium Nitride Power Device
A switch that turns on and off far faster than silicon, so power supplies can shrink.