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Finding the chokepoint
A supply chain's true constraint is rarely the most obvious bottleneck. Here is how to locate the stage that actually sets…
The battery supply chain end to end
From a lithium brine pond in the Atacama to an EV on a European road, battery materials cross four continents and one…
The magnet supply chain end to end
Mining rare earths outside China addresses only the first of five distinct steps needed to put a finished permanent magnet…
What a chip is made of
A modern logic chip draws on dozens of elements, each refined to purities that would have seemed impossible a generation…
Substitution: the quiet force
When engineers replace a metal in a product, the effects travel upstream through the supply chain to the mines that depend…
Stockpiles and strategic reserves
Stockpiles and strategic reserves explained: who holds them, how they work, and what they cannot do when supply chains…