¿Qué es?
A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate from each other because they behave almost identically.
¿Por qué importa?
Four of them make the strongest permanent magnets known. Those magnets are what makes a compact, efficient electric motor possible.
Las secciones escritas más detalladas para este material aún no han sido publicadas. Todo lo que aparece a continuación se extrae directamente de los conjuntos de datos de origen y está completo.
De dónde proviene en la roca
Todos los minerales de mena →Estos son los minerales que realmente contienen rare earths (all). Un yacimiento solo es un cuerpo mineral si uno de ellos está suficientemente concentrado para costear su extracción.
Bastnäsite
The world's principal light rare-earth mineral, mined from carbonatites. Low in thorium, which makes it easier to…
Xenotime
A yttrium phosphate that also carries the heavy rare earths — dysprosium, terbium, erbium — that magnets need.
Ion-Adsorption Clay
Weathered granite where rare-earth ions cling loosely to clay surfaces. Grades are very low but the metal washes out…
Monazite
A rare-earth phosphate found in heavy mineral sands. Carries thorium, so it is radioactive enough to be regulated.
Quién lo produce
Verlo en un mapa →Mine production
Mine productionmetric tons 2025 (estimado) Total mundial 390,000 metric tons
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · USGS reports rare-earth mine production as REO — rare-earth OXIDE equivalent — not metal. · fuente ↗
Desplace la tabla lateralmente para ver las columnas restantes.
| País | Producción | Cuota mundial |
|---|---|---|
| China | 270,000 | 69.2% |
| United States | 51,000 | 13.1% |
| Australia | 29,000 | 7.4% |
| Burma | 22,000 | 5.6% |
| Thailand | 4,800 | 1.2% |
| India | 2,900 | 0.7% |
| Madagascar | 2,700 | 0.7% |
| Russia | 2,600 | 0.7% |
| Brazil | 2,000 | 0.5% |
| Nigeria | 1,500 | 0.4% |
| Other countries | 550.0 | 0.1% |
| Vietnam | 150.0 | 0.0% |
| Malaysia | 110.0 | 0.0% |
| Tanzania | Zero | — |
| South Africa | Zero | — |
| Canada | Zero | — |
| Greenland | Zero | — |
| Total mundial | 390,000 | 100% |
«Withheld» significa que el USGS suprimió el dato para evitar revelar información de una empresa concreta — no equivale a cero. Las filas por país no siempre suman el total mundial porque la fuente redondea cada cifra de forma independiente y no siempre desglosa una línea de «otros países».
Quién posee las reservas
Reserves
Reservesmetric tons 2025
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · fuente ↗
| País | Reservas | Cuota mundial |
|---|---|---|
| China | 44,000,000 | 51.8% |
| Brazil | 21,000,000 | 24.7% |
| Australia | 6,300,000 | 7.4% |
| Russia | 3,800,000 | 4.5% |
| Vietnam | 3,500,000 | 4.1% |
| United States | 1,900,000 | 2.2% |
| Greenland | 1,500,000 | 1.8% |
| Tanzania | 890,000 | 1.0% |
| South Africa | 860,000 | 1.0% |
| Canada | 830,000 | 1.0% |
| Malaysia | 710,000 | 0.8% |
| Nigeria | Not applicable | — |
| Madagascar | Not applicable | — |
| India | Not applicable | — |
| Thailand | Not applicable | — |
| Burma | Not applicable | — |
| Other countries | Not applicable | — |
| Total mundial | >85,000,000 | 100% |
La fuente publica este total mundial como un valor acotado y no como una cifra puntual, por lo que las cuotas de la última columna son también valores acotados.
Precio
average, dollars per kilogram: Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum
Promedio anualdollars per kilogram
Base: average, dollars per kilogram: Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum. Promedios anuales publicados en USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · fuente ↗. Estos son promedios anuales de referencia, no una cotización de mercado en tiempo real.
average, dollars per kilogram: Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum
Promedio anualdollars per kilogram
Base: average, dollars per kilogram: Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum. Promedios anuales publicados en USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · fuente ↗. Estos son promedios anuales de referencia, no una cotización de mercado en tiempo real.
Minas que lo producen
Todas las minas →
Mount Weld
The mine behind the largest rare-earth separation capacity outside China.
Mountain Pass
The only operating rare-earth mine in the United States.
Southern China Ion-Adsorption Clays
Historically the dominant world source of heavy rare earths.
Dónde se procesa y refina
| Planta | Tipo | Etapa | País | Función |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganzhou Rare Earth Cluster | Planta de separación | Refinación | China | Entrada |
| Lynas Advanced Materials Plant, Kuantan | Planta de separación | Refinación | Malaysia | Entrada |
| Mountain Pass Separation & Metal Plant | Planta de separación | Refinación | United States | Entrada |
| Neo Performance Materials, Sillamäe | Planta de separación | Refinación | Estonia | Entrada |
Controles de exportación
| País | Control | Se aplica a |
|---|---|---|
| China | Export licensing requirement for materials and technologies | Antimony (2024), bismuth (2025), synthesized diamond (2025), gallium (2023), germanium (2023), graphite (2023), indium (2025), magnesium materials (2024), molybdenum (2025), rare earths (2025), silver (2026), tellurium (2025), tungsten (2025), and items related to lithium batteries and artificial graphite anode materials (2025). ↗ |
| Malaysia | Export ban | Raw rare earths (2024). ↗ |
| Namibia | Export ban | Ores and concentrates of cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, and rare earths (2023). ↗ |
| Vietnam | Export ban | Raw materials of iron, lead-zinc, chromite, manganese, apatite, and rare earths and deeply processed titanium (2012). ↗ |
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, table 4 — controls in effect as of January 2026, excluding controls since lifted.
Síguelo a través de las fronteras
Todos los recorridos →Adónde va realmente una partida de este material: cada país, cada custodio y qué queda atrás en cada paso.
Australian rare earths to a magnet in a motor Mined in Australia, cracked in Malaysia, magnetised in China, and fitted in Germany. Southern Chinese clay to the dysprosium that lets a magnet run hot Grades under a tenth of a percent, and almost the only heavy rare earths on the market.