Apa ini?
A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate from each other because they behave almost identically.
Mengapa ini penting?
Four of them make the strongest permanent magnets known. Those magnets are what makes a compact, efficient electric motor possible.
Bagian tulisan lebih mendalam untuk bahan baku ini belum diterbitkan. Semua yang tercantum di bawah diambil langsung dari kumpulan data sumber dan sudah lengkap.
Dari mana asalnya di dalam batuan
Semua mineral bijih →Inilah mineral yang sesungguhnya menjadi pembawa rare earths (all). Suatu endapan hanya menjadi badan bijih jika salah satunya cukup terkonsentrasi untuk menutup biaya penambangannya.
Bastnäsite
The world's principal light rare-earth mineral, mined from carbonatites. Low in thorium, which makes it easier to…
Xenotime
A yttrium phosphate that also carries the heavy rare earths — dysprosium, terbium, erbium — that magnets need.
Ion-Adsorption Clay
Weathered granite where rare-earth ions cling loosely to clay surfaces. Grades are very low but the metal washes out…
Monazite
A rare-earth phosphate found in heavy mineral sands. Carries thorium, so it is radioactive enough to be regulated.
Siapa yang memproduksinya
Lihat di peta →Mine production
Mine productionmetric tons 2025 (estimasi) Total dunia 390,000 metric tons
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · USGS reports rare-earth mine production as REO — rare-earth OXIDE equivalent — not metal. · sumber ↗
Gulir tabel ke samping untuk melihat kolom-kolom yang tersisa.
| Negara | Produksi | Pangsa dunia |
|---|---|---|
| China | 270,000 | 69.2% |
| United States | 51,000 | 13.1% |
| Australia | 29,000 | 7.4% |
| Burma | 22,000 | 5.6% |
| Thailand | 4,800 | 1.2% |
| India | 2,900 | 0.7% |
| Madagascar | 2,700 | 0.7% |
| Russia | 2,600 | 0.7% |
| Brazil | 2,000 | 0.5% |
| Nigeria | 1,500 | 0.4% |
| Other countries | 550.0 | 0.1% |
| Vietnam | 150.0 | 0.0% |
| Malaysia | 110.0 | 0.0% |
| Tanzania | Zero | — |
| South Africa | Zero | — |
| Canada | Zero | — |
| Greenland | Zero | — |
| Total dunia | 390,000 | 100% |
"Ditahan" berarti USGS menyembunyikan angka tersebut untuk menghindari pengungkapan data perusahaan tertentu — bukan berarti nol. Baris per negara tidak selalu berjumlah sama dengan total dunia karena sumber membulatkan setiap angka secara independen dan tidak selalu merinci baris "negara lain".
Siapa yang memegang cadangan
Reserves
Reservesmetric tons 2025
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · sumber ↗
| Negara | Cadangan | Pangsa dunia |
|---|---|---|
| China | 44,000,000 | 51.8% |
| Brazil | 21,000,000 | 24.7% |
| Australia | 6,300,000 | 7.4% |
| Russia | 3,800,000 | 4.5% |
| Vietnam | 3,500,000 | 4.1% |
| United States | 1,900,000 | 2.2% |
| Greenland | 1,500,000 | 1.8% |
| Tanzania | 890,000 | 1.0% |
| South Africa | 860,000 | 1.0% |
| Canada | 830,000 | 1.0% |
| Malaysia | 710,000 | 0.8% |
| Nigeria | Not applicable | — |
| Madagascar | Not applicable | — |
| India | Not applicable | — |
| Thailand | Not applicable | — |
| Burma | Not applicable | — |
| Other countries | Not applicable | — |
| Total dunia | >85,000,000 | 100% |
Sumber menerbitkan total dunia ini sebagai batas, bukan angka titik, sehingga pangsa pada kolom terakhir juga merupakan batas.
Harga
average, dollars per kilogram: Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum
Rata-rata tahunandollars per kilogram
Dasar: average, dollars per kilogram: Mischmetal, 65% cerium, 35% lanthanum. Rata-rata tahunan sebagaimana diterbitkan dalam USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · sumber ↗. Ini adalah rata-rata tahunan referensi, bukan kuotasi pasar secara langsung.
average, dollars per kilogram: Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum
Rata-rata tahunandollars per kilogram
Dasar: average, dollars per kilogram: Neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) oxide, 99% minimum. Rata-rata tahunan sebagaimana diterbitkan dalam USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · sumber ↗. Ini adalah rata-rata tahunan referensi, bukan kuotasi pasar secara langsung.
Tambang yang memproduksinya
Semua tambang →
Mount Weld
The mine behind the largest rare-earth separation capacity outside China.
Mountain Pass
The only operating rare-earth mine in the United States.
Southern China Ion-Adsorption Clays
Historically the dominant world source of heavy rare earths.
Di mana material diproses dan dimurnikan
| Fasilitas | Jenis | Tahap | Negara | Peran |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganzhou Rare Earth Cluster | Pabrik pemisahan | Pemurnian | China | Masukan |
| Lynas Advanced Materials Plant, Kuantan | Pabrik pemisahan | Pemurnian | Malaysia | Masukan |
| Mountain Pass Separation & Metal Plant | Pabrik pemisahan | Pemurnian | United States | Masukan |
| Neo Performance Materials, Sillamäe | Pabrik pemisahan | Pemurnian | Estonia | Masukan |
Kontrol ekspor
| Negara | Kontrol | Berlaku untuk |
|---|---|---|
| China | Export licensing requirement for materials and technologies | Antimony (2024), bismuth (2025), synthesized diamond (2025), gallium (2023), germanium (2023), graphite (2023), indium (2025), magnesium materials (2024), molybdenum (2025), rare earths (2025), silver (2026), tellurium (2025), tungsten (2025), and items related to lithium batteries and artificial graphite anode materials (2025). ↗ |
| Malaysia | Export ban | Raw rare earths (2024). ↗ |
| Namibia | Export ban | Ores and concentrates of cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, and rare earths (2023). ↗ |
| Vietnam | Export ban | Raw materials of iron, lead-zinc, chromite, manganese, apatite, and rare earths and deeply processed titanium (2012). ↗ |
USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, table 4 — controls in effect as of January 2026, excluding controls since lifted.
Ikuti melintasi perbatasan
Semua perjalanan →Ke mana kiriman material ini sebenarnya pergi — setiap negara, setiap pengelola, dan apa yang tersisa di setiap langkah.
Australian rare earths to a magnet in a motor Mined in Australia, cracked in Malaysia, magnetised in China, and fitted in Germany. Southern Chinese clay to the dysprosium that lets a magnet run hot Grades under a tenth of a percent, and almost the only heavy rare earths on the market.