Apa yang sebenarnya bergerak
Sulfide copper has to be smelted, and more than half the world's smelting capacity is on the other side of the Pacific. So Chilean concentrate — about 30% copper and 70% something else — sails 19,000 km to be turned into metal, and the by-products in it become somebody else's gold, silver and tellurium.
- Materialnya
- Copper
- Varietasnya
- Chalcopyrite concentrate from a porphyry, roughly 0.5% Cu ore grade
- Titik awal
- Chile — Escondida, 3,100 m up in the Atacama
Langkah demi langkah, perbatasan demi perbatasan
Chile · Escondida, Antofagasta dipegang oleh BHP as operator, with Rio Tinto and JECO (Penambang)
Moving a mountain for half a percent
Drilled, blasted and hauled from an open pit. At about 0.5% copper, 995 kg of every tonne is waste before processing even begins.
Mengapa di sini: A porphyry orebody, and desalinated seawater pumped 180 km uphill to process it.
Chile · Concentrator dipegang oleh BHP (Penambang)
Grinding and floating
Ground to a powder and floated: air bubbles carry the sulfide minerals to the surface while the rock sinks. The result is a concentrate of about 30% copper.
Apa yang terjadi pada sisanya: 984 tonnes to the tailings dam. Grinding is the largest single electricity consumer on any copper mine.
Mengapa di sini: Always at the mine. Shipping 1,000 tonnes to recover 5 would be indefensible.
China · Antofagasta to Chinese smelter ports dipegang oleh Traders and smelters (Pedagang)
Down to the coast and across the Pacific
Concentrate moves by truck or slurry pipeline to the port, then in the hold of a bulk carrier. Treatment charges — what the smelter is paid to process it — are negotiated annually and are one of the industry's most watched numbers.
Mengapa di sini: Because the smelters are there. Chile smelts a minority of its own concentrate.
China · Guixi, Jiangxi dipegang oleh Smelter (Pemurni)
Smelting
Melted with oxygen. Iron and sulfur oxidise away; the sulfur is captured as sulfuric acid rather than released. What is left is blister copper at about 98%.
Apa yang terjadi pada sisanya: The captured sulfur becomes sulfuric acid — often sold onward to leach nickel or phosphate somewhere else entirely.
Mengapa di sini: Smelting needs scale, an acid plant, an acid market and a permit. China assembled all four.
China · Tankhouse dipegang oleh Refiner (Pemurni)
Electrorefining, and the slime at the bottom
Blister is cast into anodes and dissolved electrolytically over about two weeks; pure copper plates onto cathodes. Gold, silver, selenium, tellurium and platinum-group metals do not dissolve and settle as anode slime.
Apa yang terjadi pada sisanya: That anode slime is where a large share of the world's tellurium and selenium comes from. The by-products of this step are a whole industry.
Mengapa di sini: Refining follows smelting; the two are almost always on the same site.
China · Rod mill and cable plants dipegang oleh Cable and equipment makers (Produsen)
Rod, wire, and a grid
Cathode is melted and drawn into rod, then wire, then cable. 4.6 tonnes is roughly the copper in one large wind turbine, or a few hundred metres of subsea export cable.
Mengapa di sini: Copper is one of the few materials here that can be recycled endlessly without losing quality. This tonne will outlive the mine.
Ini adalah contoh terhitung. Contoh ini mengikuti kuantitas awal yang dinyatakan melalui hasil dan perolehan tipikal yang dipublikasikan, sehingga proporsinya dapat diperiksa; ini bukan catatan pengiriman tertentu. Fakta rute — negara mana saja, proses apa saja, dan mengapa material tersebut tidak dapat begitu saja ditangani di tempat lain — dikompilasi dari laporan publik.