实际流转的物质
Lithium in a salar is dissolved in brine under the salt crust. It is pumped into ponds and left to evaporate for twelve to twenty-four months until it is concentrated enough to be worth processing. Almost none of the value is added in Chile; the concentrate leaves as a chemical and comes back, eventually, as a car.
- 材料
- Lithium
- 品种
- Salar brine, roughly 1,500–2,000 mg of lithium per litre
- 起点
- Chile — Salar de Atacama, 2,300 m up in the driest desert on Earth
逐步追踪，逐境跨越
Chile · Salar de Atacama 持有方 SQM and Albemarle, under CORFO concessions (矿业公司)
Pumping the ore to the surface
Brine is pumped from wells 30–200 m below the salt crust. No blasting, no haul trucks, no waste rock — the ore arrives as a liquid.
为何选择此地: Closed basin, high altitude, volcanic highlands feeding it, and almost no rainfall. Very few places on Earth combine all four.
Chile · Evaporation ponds 持有方 SQM and Albemarle (矿业公司)
Eighteen months of sunshine
The brine moves through a cascade of ponds. Sodium, potassium and magnesium salts crystallise out in sequence and are harvested; the lithium stays in solution and concentrates.
其余部分的去向: Around 95% of the water evaporates into the desert air. Potash is harvested as a genuine co-product, not a waste.
为何选择此地: This step is free solar energy and eighteen months of patience. It cannot be moved somewhere with less sun and it cannot be hurried.
Chile · Salar del Carmen, near Antofagasta 持有方 SQM / Albemarle (化学品)
Into a chemical
The concentrate is trucked to the coast, purified of boron and magnesium, and reacted with soda ash to precipitate lithium carbonate.
其余部分的去向: This is the last step performed in Chile. Everything downstream — and most of the value — happens elsewhere.
为何选择此地: Near the port and the power, and required by the concession terms.
China · To Chinese and Korean cathode plants 持有方 Traders and cathode makers (贸易商)
Across the Pacific in a container
Lithium carbonate ships as an ordinary bagged chemical in a standard container. At this point custody leaves the mining industry entirely.
为何选择此地: Cathode manufacture is where the buyers are. The chemical goes to the factory; the factory does not come to the salar.
China · Cathode plant 持有方 Cathode manufacturer (制造商)
Becoming a cathode
The carbonate is combined with an iron-phosphate or nickel-manganese-cobalt precursor and calcined into cathode active material — a black powder.
其余部分的去向: Carbonate is only about 19% lithium by weight. The rest of the mass was always carbon and oxygen.
为何选择此地: Calcination to a tight particle-size specification is the hardest step to qualify, and the qualified plants are concentrated in a few places.
China · Cell plant and vehicle assembly 持有方 Battery and vehicle manufacturers (制造商)
Into a cell, then a pack, then a car
Cathode powder is coated onto aluminium foil, paired with a graphite anode on copper foil, wound or stacked, filled with electrolyte and sealed. The cells become modules, the modules become a pack.
为何选择此地: Cells are heavy and awkward to ship, so cell plants cluster near vehicle assembly.
Germany · Wherever it is sold 持有方 The driver (最终用户)
A car, for maybe fifteen years
Roughly 8 kg of contained lithium, from a million litres of desert brine, now sits under a car floor. At end of life it can be recovered — recycling returns lithium at high rates once the collection system exists.
为何选择此地: The car is sold where the demand is. The lithium has now crossed three continents.
本文为示例演算，以公开的典型产率和回收率对既定起始量逐步推算，各比例可供核验；这不是某批具体货物的记录。路线事实——途经哪些国家、经历哪些工序，以及为何该材料不能在其他地方简单处理——均来源于公开报道。