O que está realmente em movimento
Cobalt is a by-product: it comes up because somebody wanted the copper. It leaves the DRC as a hydroxide filter cake on a truck, crosses two borders, sails to China, and is refined into the sulfate that goes into a cathode. The route is long, and the due-diligence obligations attached to it are the strictest of any material in this atlas.
- O material
- Cobalt
- A variedade
- Heterogenite, cobalt oxide ore, recovered alongside copper
- Onde começa
- Democratic Republic of the Congo — Kolwezi, where roughly three-quarters of the world's cobalt originates
Passo a passo, e fronteira a fronteira
Democratic Republic of the Congo · Kolwezi and the Lualaba belt detido por Industrial operators and artisanal miners (Mineiro)
Industrial mines, and a great deal of hand digging
Most cobalt comes from large mechanised copper mines. A material share is also dug by hand by artisanal miners and sold into the same processing plants, which is why chain-of-custody documentation matters here more than anywhere else in this atlas.
Por que aqui: The Copperbelt. There is no comparable cobalt resource being mined at this scale anywhere else.
Democratic Republic of the Congo · Hydrometallurgical plant detido por Operators (Químico)
Leached out with the copper
Cobalt dissolves in the same acid leach as the copper, then is separated and precipitated as a hydroxide once the copper has been electrowon out.
O que aconteceu ao restante: If the copper price falls far enough to close the mine, the cobalt stops too. Its supply follows copper economics, not its own.
Por que aqui: It shares a circuit with the copper because it shares an orebody with it.
Tanzania · To Dar es Salaam or Durban detido por Hauliers (Trader)
The long haul
Bagged hydroxide is trucked 2,000 km or more to a port, crossing at least one border. Queues at the crossings routinely add days.
Por que aqui: There is no railway that does this job reliably. The road IS the supply chain.
China · Zhejiang and Jiangxi refineries detido por Refiner (Refinador)
Into a battery-grade salt
Redissolved, purified of nickel, copper, iron and manganese, and crystallised into cobalt sulfate heptahydrate — pink crystals to a very tight specification.
Por que aqui: This is the real chokepoint. Mining is spread across one country; refining is concentrated in another.
South Korea · Precursor and cathode plants detido por Cathode manufacturers (Fabricante)
Into the cathode
Co-precipitated with nickel and manganese sulfates into a precursor, then lithiated and calcined. Cobalt is what keeps the cathode's layered structure from collapsing as it charges and discharges.
Por que aqui: Cathode makers cluster near cell makers, who cluster near carmakers.
Germany · Wherever they are sold detido por Drivers (Utilizador final)
About 350 cars
At roughly 13 kg per pack for a mid-nickel chemistry, 4.5 tonnes of cobalt is a few hundred vehicles — and every one of them can be traced back, on paper, to the pit it came from.
O que aconteceu ao restante: Cathode chemistry has been cutting cobalt for a decade — from a third of the cathode metal to under a tenth in high-nickel designs, and to zero in LFP.
Por que aqui: Substitution is the quiet counter-pressure on this entire route.
Este é um exemplo elaborado. Acompanha uma quantidade inicial declarada através de rendimentos e recuperações típicos publicados, pelo que as proporções são verificáveis; não é o registo de uma remessa específica. Os factos relativos à rota — quais os países, quais os processos e por que o material não pode simplesmente ser tratado noutro local — são compilados a partir de informação pública.