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Heavy rare earths do not come from a conventional orebody. They come from weathered granite where the metal ions cling loosely to clay, and they are recovered by washing a salt solution through the hillside. The grade is tiny; the strategic weight is enormous.
- 소재
- Dysprosium
- 유형
- Ion-adsorption clay, very low grade, unusually rich in heavy rare earths
- 출발지
- China — Weathered granite hills in Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian
단계별, 국경별
China · Jiangxi and Guangdong 보유자 State-consolidated producers (국영 생산자)
Leaching the hill in place
Ammonium sulfate solution is injected into the weathered granite and collected downslope. The rare-earth ions swap places with ammonium on the clay and come out in solution. Nothing is blasted and, in modern practice, little is dug.
나머지는 어떻게 되었는가: Older, uncontrolled in-situ leaching left serious groundwater and slope-stability damage, which is much of why the industry was consolidated under state control.
왜 이곳인가: This deposit type needs a specific granite, a specific climate and millions of years. It is not a matter of looking harder elsewhere.
China · On site 보유자 Producers (화학)
Precipitating a mixed carbonate
The pregnant solution is precipitated into a mixed rare-earth carbonate — the intermediate everything downstream starts from.
왜 이곳인가: Concentrating before transport, as always.
China · Ganzhou, Jiangxi 보유자 China Rare Earth Group and affiliates (정련업체)
Separating the heavies
Solvent extraction, but far harder than for the light rare earths: dysprosium, terbium, holmium and erbium are even more alike than neodymium and praseodymium, so it takes more stages and more patience.
나머지는 어떻게 되었는가: Terbium, yttrium, gadolinium and the rest come out alongside. Yttrium is by far the largest fraction; dysprosium and terbium are the ones everyone actually wants.
왜 이곳인가: Heavy separation capacity is concentrated here to a degree unmatched by any other material in this atlas.
China · Magnet plants 보유자 Magnet manufacturers (제조사)
Diffused into a magnet's grain boundaries
Rather than alloying dysprosium throughout the magnet, it is painted on and diffused into the grain boundaries where it does the most good. The technique cut dysprosium use per magnet several-fold.
나머지는 어떻게 되었는가: This is substitution by engineering rather than by chemistry — same performance, a fraction of the scarce element.
왜 이곳인가: Grain-boundary diffusion is a process advantage held by a small number of manufacturers.
Germany · Traction motors and turbines 보유자 Motor manufacturers (제조사)
A motor that can get hot
Without dysprosium a neodymium magnet begins losing strength around 80 °C. A traction motor or a turbine nacelle routinely runs hotter than that. 15 kg is enough for several thousand car motors.
왜 이곳인가: A few kilograms of a metal from a Chinese hillside is what lets an electric motor survive a summer traffic jam.
이것은 작업 예시이다. 공표된 출발 수량을 공표된 일반적인 수율 및 회수율에 따라 추적한 것이므로 비율은 검증 가능하다. 특정 선적 기록이 아니다. 경로 사실—어느 나라, 어떤 공정, 그리고 왜 해당 소재를 다른 곳에서 처리할 수 없는지—은 공개 보고를 바탕으로 정리되었다.