Commodity Education

All · 146 Rare Earth Elements · 18 Aerospace & Defence Materials · 10 Agricultural Minerals · 3 Battery Materials · 5 Copper & Electrical Materials · 4 Energy Raw Materials · 7 Industrial Minerals · 35 Nuclear Materials · 5 Precious Metals · 10 Semiconductor Materials · 11 Steel & Alloy Metals · 13 Wood & Forest Products · 25

Critical Mineral · 63 Strategic · 36 Construction · 35 Byproduct Only · 27 Energy Transition · 26 Defence · 24 Chip Chain · 17 Forest Product · 12 Recyclable at Scale · 9 Magnet Chain · 8 Hardwood · 8 Softwood · 7 Renewable · 6 Food Chain · 6 Engineered Wood · 4 Grid Chain · 2

Sort: Shelf Name World production Reserves U.S. import reliance Full screener → Periodic table →

146 materials shown. Figures are from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · as each source defines it for each commodity · source ↗

Scroll the table sideways for the remaining columns.

Shelf 01 · 18 materials

Rare Earth Elements

Seventeen chemically similar elements that make the strongest magnets and the brightest phosphors.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Rare Earths (all) criticalA family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate…	390,000metric tons · Mine production	85,000,000	China69% of world production†	—
Neodymium criticalThe rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard…	not published	—	—	—
Praseodymium criticalNeodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and…	not published	—	—	—
Dysprosium criticalA heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.	not published	—	—	—
Terbium criticalThe scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive…	not published	—	—	—
Lanthanum criticalThe first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into…	not published	—	—	—
Cerium criticalThe most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a…	not published	—	—	—
Samarium criticalThe rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a…	not published	—	—	—
Europium criticalThe rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in…	not published	—	—	—
Gadolinium criticalA rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier…	not published	—	—	—
Yttrium criticalCounted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves…	12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates	—	Chinashare not published	100%
Scandium criticalA light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced…	80.00metric tons · global production	—	Chinashare not published	100%
Holmium criticalThe rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of…	not published	—	—	—
Erbium criticalThe rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back…	not published	—	—	—
Thulium criticalThe least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers.	not published	—	—	—
Ytterbium criticalA rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most…	not published	—	—	—
Lutetium criticalThe last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET…	not published	—	—	—
PromethiumThe one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays…	not published	—	—	—

Shelf 02 · 10 materials

Aerospace & Defence Materials

Metals chosen for strength at temperature, or for stopping things.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Titanium criticalA metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in…	370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production	—	China70% of world production†	—
Titanium Mineral Concentrates criticalBlack beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and…	9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded	490,000	—	88%
Tungsten criticalThe metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it…	85,000metric tons · Mine production	4,700,000	China79% of world production	50%
Niobium criticalA metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per…	112,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000,000	Brazil93% of world production†	100%
Tantalum criticalA dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the…	2,500metric tons · Mine production	—	Congo (Kinshasa)52% of world production	100%
Rhenium criticalOne of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient…	81,000kilograms · Mine production	—	Chile37% of world production	75%
Antimony criticalA brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	2,000,000	China36% of world production	—
Bismuth criticalA heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders…	16,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China88% of world production	92%
Caesium criticalThe softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.	not published	—	—	100%
Rubidium criticalCaesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic…	not published	—	—	100%

Shelf 03 · 3 materials

Agricultural Minerals

The mined nutrients that feed crops — and therefore people.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Phosphate Rock criticalRock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries…	250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	73,000,000	China44% of world production	—
Potash criticalPotassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need…	49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	10,000,000	Canada31% of world production	92%
Nitrogen (Ammonia)Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that…	160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production	—	China31% of world production†	—

Shelf 04 · 5 materials

Battery Materials

What goes inside a rechargeable cell — and what the cell is wired to.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Lithium criticalA soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	37,000,000	Australia32% of world production	50%
Cobalt criticalA hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that…	310,000metric tons · Mine production	12,000,000	Congo (Kinshasa)74% of world production	79%
Nickel criticalA silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more…	3,900,000metric tons · Mine production	140,000,000	Indonesia67% of world production	41%
Graphite criticalPure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that…	1,800,000metric tons · Mine production	310,000,000	China78% of world production	100%
Manganese criticalA brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	1,700,000	South Africa37% of world production	100%

Shelf 05 · 4 materials

Copper & Electrical Materials

The metals that carry current, from a house wire to a national grid.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Copper criticalThe reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans…	23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	980,000	Chile23% of world production	—
Aluminium criticalA light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —…	74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China61% of world production†	60%
Bauxite criticalA reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and…	440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production	29,000,000	—	75%
Alumina criticalA fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium…	150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production	—	China62% of world production†	71%

Shelf 06 · 7 materials

Energy Raw Materials

The carbon and gas the economy still burns, and the rock it comes out of.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Crude OilAncient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries…	not published	—	—	—
Oil Sands & BitumenSand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated…	not published	—	—	—
Natural GasMostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by…	not published	—	—	—
Metallurgical CoalCoal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon…	not published	—	—	—
Thermal CoalCoal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the…	not published	—	—	—
Petroleum CokeThe solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium…	not published	—	—	—
PeatHalf-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a…	17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	13,000,000	Finland15% of world production†	80%

Shelf 07 · 35 materials

Industrial Minerals

Non-metallic rock and salts used by the tonne: cement, glass, chemicals, abrasives.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
CementPowdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue…	3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production	—	China45% of world production†	21%
SaltSodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda…	270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	China21% of world production†	31%
Soda AshSodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost…	19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded	25,000,000	—	—
Fluorspar criticalCalcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —…	10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	330,000	China60% of world production	100%
Barite criticalA very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow…	8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India34% of world production	75%
Boron criticalAn element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and…	not published	—	Turkeyshare withheld	—
HeliumThe only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light…	190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production	—	United States43% of world production†	—
Silicon Carbide & AbrasivesMan-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral…	not published	—	—	—
SulfurA yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric…	84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms	—	China23% of world production†	—
LimeLimestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and…	420,000thousand metric tons · Production	—	China74% of world production†	—
Construction Sand & GravelThe most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.	not published	—	—	—
GypsumA soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the…	160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States12% of world production†	—
Diamond (Industrial)Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug…	38.00million carats · Mine production	1,700	Russia42% of world production†	—
ClaysSoft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded	—	—	—
MicaA mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat…	not published	—	—	—
Talc & PyrophylliteThe softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics…	6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Korea, Republic of4% of world production†	—
PerliteA volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to…	4,600thousand metric tons · Production	—	China33% of world production†	23%
DiatomiteRock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on…	2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States29% of world production†	—
VermiculiteA mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and…	460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	South Africa35% of world production†	25%
Industrial Sand & GravelSand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for…	430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States28% of world production†	—
Magnesium CompoundsMagnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive…	21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	7,800,000	—	59%
Iron Oxide PigmentsRust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since…	not published	—	—	—
ArgonAlmost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from…	not published	—	—	—
IodineA purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate…	34,000metric tons · Mine production	6,300,000	—	50%
BromineThe only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.	430,000metric tons · Production	—	—	25%
StrontiumA soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it.	450,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Iran56% of world production†	100%
Feldspar & Nepheline SyeniteThe most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt…	31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India19% of world production†	95%
Garnet (Industrial)A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in…	730,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Australia48% of world production†	71%
Zeolites (Natural)Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else…	1,300,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Slovakia22% of world production†	—
Kyanite & Related MineralsBlue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone…	not published	—	—	—
Pumice & PumiciteVolcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Turkey48% of world production†	—
Crushed StoneRock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest…	not published	—	—	—
Dimension StoneRock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold…	not published	—	—	85%
WollastoniteA needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards…	860,000metric tons · Mine production	—	—	—
AsbestosA group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung…	960,000metric tons · Mine production	150,000,000	Russia32% of world production†	100%

Shelf 08 · 5 materials

Nuclear Materials

Fuel, moderators and shielding for fission — and the metals a fusion machine would need.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer
UraniumA heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million…	not published	—	—
ThoriumA weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into…	not published	—	—
Zirconium criticalA metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and…	1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight)	70,000	Australia33% of world production†
Hafnium criticalZirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and…	not published	—	—
Beryllium criticalA very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.	430.0metric tons · Mine production	—	United States53% of world production

Shelf 09 · 10 materials

Precious Metals

Gold, silver and the platinum group — money, catalysts and contacts.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Platinum-Group Metals criticalSix metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together…	not published	76,000,000	—	—
Silver criticalThe best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer…	26,000metric tons · Mine production	610,000	Mexico24% of world production	77%
GoldThe metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why…	3,300metric tons · Mine production	66,000	China12% of world production†	—
Platinum criticalA dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them.	170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded	—	South Africa71% of world production	89%
Palladium criticalPlatinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than…	190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded	—	Russia44% of world production	57%
Rhodium criticalThe rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only…	not published	—	—	—
Iridium criticalThe most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about…	not published	—	—	—
Ruthenium criticalA hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip…	not published	—	—	—
OsmiumThe densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined…	not published	—	—	—
GemstonesMinerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity…	69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production	2,000,000	Russia30% of world production†	99%

Shelf 10 · 11 materials

Semiconductor Materials

The ultra-pure elements and compounds that chips are grown, doped and wired with.

Material	World production 2025	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Silicon criticalThe second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one…	5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon	China87% of world production	—
Gallium criticalA silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast…	900,000kilograms · Primary production	China100% of world production	100%
Germanium criticalThe element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and…	not published	Chinashare not published	50%
Indium criticalA soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring…	1,100metric tons · Refinery production	China69% of world production	100%
Tellurium criticalA brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank…	1,000metric tons · Refinery production	China80% of world production	25%
Arsenic criticalFamous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind…	61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight)	Peru49% of world production	100%
High-Purity QuartzQuartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal…	not published	—	—
NeonA noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny…	800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States14% of world production†	52%
KryptonA rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is…	110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% of world production†	93%
XenonThe rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest…	12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% of world production†	98%
ThalliumA soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts.	not published	—	—

Shelf 11 · 13 materials

Steel & Alloy Metals

Iron and the dozen elements that turn it into thousands of different steels.

Material	World production 2025	World reserves	Leading producer	U.S. imported
Iron OreRust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage…	2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded	87,000	—	—
Iron & SteelIron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet.	360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons,	—	—	—
Chromium criticalThe element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel…	51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	540,000	South Africa45% of world production	79%
MolybdenumA silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure.	260,000metric tons · Mine production	17,000	China37% of world production†	—
Vanadium criticalA metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000	China75% of world production	41%
Zinc criticalThe metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes…	13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	240,000	China32% of world production	—
Tin criticalA soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	6,000,000	China24% of world production	—
Lead criticalA soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is…	4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	95,000	China42% of world production	—
Magnesium Metal criticalThe lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that…	1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China86% of world production†	75%
CadmiumA toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels…	23,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China41% of world production†	25%
SeleniumAn element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in…	3,800metric tons · Refinery production	—	China53% of world production†	50%
MercuryThe only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated…	210.0metric tons · Mine production	—	China95% of world production†	—
Iron & Steel ScrapOld steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by…	not published	—	—	—

Shelf 12 · 25 materials

Wood & Forest Products

The only structural material that grows back - what it is, where it is standing, how it is cut and graded, and who buys it.

Material	World production	Leading producer
Standing TimberThe wood that is still a tree. Every board, panel and sheet of paper on the site starts here…	not published	—
Industrial RoundwoodLogs. The tree after felling and before anything has been done to it except cutting it to…	not published	—
Softwood LumberSawn boards from coniferous trees - the 2x4s and joists that most of the world's houses are…	not published	—
Hardwood LumberSawn boards from broadleaved trees - what furniture, flooring, cabinets and barrels are made of.	not published	—
Wood-Based PanelsSheets made by gluing wood back together - veneers, chips, strands or fibres pressed into a…	not published	—
PlywoodThin layers of wood peeled from a log and glued in a stack with the grain crossed at right…	not published	—
Oriented Strand BoardA structural panel made from long wood strands laid in layers and pressed - the cheaper…	not published	—
Mass TimberStructural timber built up from smaller pieces into beams, columns and whole floor slabs big…	not published	—
Wood PulpWood reduced to its individual fibres, by cooking or by grinding, ready to be made into paper…	not published	—
Wood PelletsSawdust and shavings dried and squeezed into uniform cylinders that can be handled, shipped and…	not published	—
Wood FuelWood cut to be burned - firewood and the charcoal made from it. Still the largest single use of…	not published	—
Recovered WoodWood collected after use - pallets, crates, demolition timber and furniture - and sent back…	not published	—
Southern Yellow PineA fast-grown, dense, strong southern US pine - the workhorse of American framing and the only…	not published	—
Douglas FirNot a true fir. The strongest and stiffest softwood in wide structural use, and the species…	not published	—
Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF)A marketing group, not a species: several interchangeable northern softwoods graded and sold…	not published	—
Hem-FirWestern hemlock sold together with the true firs that grow alongside it, as a single graded…	not published	—
Western Red CedarA light, soft, aromatic softwood whose heartwood resists decay without any treatment at all.	not published	—
Radiata PineA Californian pine with a tiny natural range that became the most widely planted plantation…	not published	—
White OakA dense, pale hardwood whose closed cell structure makes it watertight - which is why barrels…	not published	—
Red OakThe volume hardwood of North America: strong, open-pored, pinkish, and sawn in greater quantity…	not published	—
Hard MapleA very hard, pale, fine-grained hardwood that takes heavy wear without denting - the standard…	not published	—
Black WalnutThe dark, strong, dimensionally stable hardwood that American furniture and gunstocks are made…	not published	—
Yellow PoplarA fast-growing, light, straight-grained American hardwood - neither a poplar nor yellow in the…	not published	—
TeakA tropical hardwood whose natural oils make it hold up outdoors and against saltwater better…	not published	—
EucalyptusThe fastest-growing hardwood planted at scale, harvested on rotations as short as six or seven…	not published	—

† Worked out from the USGS production table: the leading country’s output divided by the world total. Where the USGS publishes the share itself, that figure is shown instead.

Photographs on this page · 159

Azurite-malachite-specimen.jpg Mineral specimen featuring azurite, mala… · Δανάη Κωτσιομύτη · CC BY-SA 4.0
Elementares Neodym.jpg · Tobias Meints · CC BY-SA 4.0
Turbine disc and blades of sectioned Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop.jpg · Olivier Cleynen · CC BY-SA 3.0
Potash evaporation ponds near Moab, UT, May 2013.jpg · Orange Suede Sofa · CC BY-SA 3.0
Tesla Gigafactory 1 - December 2019.jpg · Smnt · CC BY-SA 4.0
Copper wire rod produced by LS Cable & System.jpg · Lsgeeks · CC BY-SA 3.0
TurowCoalMine.jpg · Petr Vodička · CC BY-SA 4.0
Königswartha Caminau Kaolin quarry Aerial.jpg · Gunther Tschuch · CC BY-SA 4.0
Yellow Cake Uranium (14492248719).jpg · Nuclear Regulatory Commission from US · Public domain
Gold bullion bars.jpg · Stevebidmead · CC0
Wafer 2 20140922.jpg · Santi · CC BY-SA 2.0
Iron and slag tapping from a blast furnace tap hole — Випуск продуктів … · Blast furnace chip worker · CC BY-SA 3.0
Houtzagerij Sagi Tschiertschen 03.jpg · Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0
Titanium sponge cylinder, 120 grams.jpg · Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements · CC BY 3.0
Ilmenite sand.jpg · Mx. Granger · CC0
Wolframiteportugal2.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
2024 Artsy Niobium Cavity - Flickr - Jefferson Lab.jpg · Jefferson Lab from Newport News, USA · Public domain
Polymer Tantalum Capacitor Cross Section.jpg · TubeTimeUS · CC BY-SA 4.0
Rhenium metal.jpg · Keresluna · CC BY-SA 4.0
Stibnite, Antimony sulfide.jpg · Bobjgalindo · CC BY-SA 4.0
Bismuth crystal Créer le cristal n01.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Pollucite Paprok MNHN Minéralogie.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Rb5.JPG · Dnn87 · CC BY 3.0
Apatite Sapo Mine Minéraux SU.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Sylvite-halite-carnallite-polyhalite (Salado Formation, Upper Permian; … · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Eliminating a minor ammonia leak at the nitrogen fertilizer plant - pan… · Tseno Tanev (цено та… · CC BY-SA 3.0
Spodumene Nuristan Créer le cristal.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Cobaltite (GeoDIL number - 1151).jpg · Darla Sondrol · CC0
Pyrrhotite with pentlandite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; 800 Orebod… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Minerals in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 05.jpg · Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pyrolusite Mineral with Dendrite Macro Digon3.jpg · “Jonathan Zander ( Digon3 )" · CC BY-SA 3.0
Chalcopyrite botroïdale.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
Aluminum ingots at Norwegian Aluminium Company.jpg · Anders Beer Wilse · CC BY 4.0
Pisolitic bauxite (Alcoa Bauxite Mine, Arkansas, USA) 5.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Pinjarra Alumina Refinery, September 2020 01.jpg · Calistemon · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pumpjacks.JPG · Arne Hückelheim · CC BY-SA 3.0
Syncrude oil sands mine works, Mildred Lake, Alberta.jpg · Dicklyon · CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-05-20 02 LNG tanker, GULF ENERGY - IMO 7390143.jpg · Gordon Leggett · CC BY-SA 4.0
Coke ovens and coal tipple, Fayette County, Penn (68762).jpg · Pub. by Uniontown News Agency & Co., Uniontown,… · Public domain
DRAGLINE (USED IN STRIP MINING) AT THE NAVAJO COAL MINE IN NORTHERN ARI… · Lyntha Scott Eiler · Public domain
Petrolkoks IMG 6166.jpg · romanm ( talk ) · CC BY-SA 2.5 si
Industrial peat harvesting in a section of the Bog of Allen in County O… · Sarah777 · Public domain
Cement kiln in Gorazdze Cement plant.JPG · Jb957 · CC0
UFO-shaped constructions in the underground lake, Mina Terezia, Turda s… · DimiTalen · CC0
Trona - USGS Mineral Specimens 1116.jpg · Andrew Silver · Public domain
Fluorite crystals.jpg · Marek Novotňák · CC BY-SA 4.0
Barite - Cerro Warihuyn, Miraflores, Huamalies, Huanuco, Peru.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Borax crystals.jpg · Aram Dulyan ( User:Aramgutang ) · Public domain
ISS Magnet.jpg · Ordan, Julien Marius · CC BY 4.0
Craftsman hand-carving a traditional stone grinding wheel (chakki), Kha… · Suyash Dwivedi · CC BY-SA 4.0
Union Sulphur Co Reserve Sulphur Storage in Louisiana.jpg · Underwood and Underwood · Public domain
LimestoneKilnsTalybont.jpg · Martinvl · CC BY-SA 4.0
Kongensbro gravel pit 2014-09-17.jpg · Slaunger · CC BY-SA 3.0
Gypsum crystals 1802-0312a.jpg · Mozzihh · CC BY-SA 4.0
Diamond blade very macro.jpg · Hustvedt · CC BY-SA 3.0
Kaznějov kaolin quarry revitalisation.jpg · Jan Macura · CC BY-SA 4.0
Muscovite mica 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Talc-386099.jpg · John Krygier · Public domain
Expanded & popped perlite (Hollinger Quarry, Wilson Creek Range, Nevada… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Diatomite (diatomaceous earth) Monterey Formation at a diatomite quarry… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Vermiculite board fireproofing 001.png · Achim Hering · CC BY 3.0
Wrotham Quarry, Addinton 07.jpg · Simon Burchell · CC BY-SA 4.0
MagnesiteSaxe.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 4.0
Fragment of red pigment Ochre - Museo Egizio, Turin S 9927 p02.jpg · CC0
US Navy 090715-N-5821P-002 Aviation Support Equipment Technician Airman… · U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialis… · Public domain
Iodine crystals, 99.9% purity.jpg · Dnn87 · CC BY 3.0
Bromine-ampoule.jpg · Jurii · CC BY 3.0
Celestine from Madagascar in the Mineral Museum of Siófok.jpg · Szilas · Public domain
Feldspar Mineral Museum Display Exhibit.jpg · QueenCityCebu · CC BY-SA 4.0
Garnet - Spessartine crystal detail.jpg · ButtShark · CC0
Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 203540 photo (g232 g232-… · Tõnis Saadre · CC BY-SA 4.0
Kyanite 5.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Pumice stones.JPG · Mauro Cateb · CC BY-SA 3.0
Abandoned limestone quarry on Furilden Gotland 1.jpg · W.carter / Ann-Sophie Qvarnström · CC BY-SA 2.0
Red marble quarry Cava Buscada - Erto e Casso, Pordenone, Friuli-Venezi… · Mænsard vokser · CC BY-SA 4.0
Wollastonite madagascar.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
Chrysotile asbestos veins in serpentinized komatiite (Upper Komatiitic … · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Uranium ore and "yellowcake" uranium concentrate at the Greifswald Nucl… · Siarhei Besarab · CC BY-SA 4.0
Yellowing of thorium lenses.jpg · El Grafo · CC BY-SA 4.0
Deformed crystal of zircon.jpg · Liza Kovaleva · CC BY-SA 4.0
Hafnium (Element - 72) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Crystal surface of colorless Beryl, multicolor filter, size 5,8 x 3,9 mm.jpg · Sepelinmurskaaja · CC BY-SA 4.0
Elektrociepłownia PGE Toruń1.jpg · Mateuszgdynia · CC BY-SA 4.0
Native silver 1.jpg · Parent Géry · CC BY-SA 3.0
AZ Gold Nugget Quartz.jpg · Bryan Barnes · CC BY-SA 4.0
Wellgreen Platinum project in Yukon (22284209294).jpg · MINING.com · CC BY 2.0
Palladium (Element - 46) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Rhodium powder pressed melted.jpg · Alchemist-hp ( talk ) www.pse-mendelejew.de der… · CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Iridium (Element - 77) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Ru metal 1g.JPG · Leiem · CC BY-SA 4.0
Osmium star.jpg · Bilovitskiy · CC BY 4.0
Zultanite rough crystal and gemstones.jpg · Zultgems, LLC · CC0
Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine, Mountain Pass, California (15470415247).jpg · Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
Neodymium oxide 170g.jpg · W. Oelen · CC BY-SA 3.0
Praseodymium (Element - 59) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Dysprosium (Element - 66) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Terbium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Lanthanum (Element - 57) 3.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Cerium (Element - 58) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Samarium shards.jpg · brainandforce · CC0
Europium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Gadolinium 2.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Piece of Yttrium.jpg · Jan Anskeit · CC BY-SA 4.0
Scandium (Element - 21).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Holmium shards.jpg · brainandforce · CC0
Erbium (Element - 68).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Thulium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Ytterbium (Element - 70) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
PET-schema.png · Jens Maus ( https://jens-maus.de/ ) · Public domain
Promethium (Element - 61) 1.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Wafer 20110212.jpg · Sangitiana Fararano · CC BY-SA 2.0
Plastic bottle containing gallium metal.JPG · Pixelmaniac pictures ( Leave a reply ) · CC0
Miniman M 703 germanium crystal radio made in Japan late 1950s.jpg · R. Henrik Nilsson · CC BY 4.0
Indium wetting glass.jpg · Schtone · Public domain
Tellurium crystals.jpg · Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements · CC BY 3.0
Native arsenic2.jpg · Miguel Calvo · CC BY 4.0
Geode-with-encrustation-of-quartz-crystals-on-a-base-of-limonite-01.jpg · CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · CC BY-SA 4.0
Neon tubes (32703).jpg · Rhododendrites · CC BY-SA 4.0
Spectre tubes à gaz.jpg · Alchemist-hp , derivative work by Poke2001 · CC BY-SA 2.0 de
Three xenon flashtubes and a krypton arc lamp.jpg · Zaereth ( talk ) · Public domain
Thallium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Hematite (iron ore) (weathered zone in the Biwabik Iron-Formation, Whit… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Blast furnace at Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation mill in Etna, Penn… · Alfred T. Palmer · Public domain
Metal poles (surface is chromium-plated) - HDR.jpg · Laitche · CC BY-SA 4.0
Molybdenite quebec2.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY 3.0
World- Vanadium Production,*1946 - DPLA - 3e24602f809408ce766ef8a40e074… · Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Sphalerite - Creede, Mineral County, Colorado, USA.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Cassiterite (GeoDIL number - 37).jpg · Shannon Heinle · CC0
Galena - Huallanca, Bologesi, Ancash, Peru.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Dowmetal Magnesium- The Metal of Motion - DPLA - 6cfddacda671bc92edb70f… · Dow Chemical Company · Public domain
Cadmium (Element - 48) 3.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Selenium (Element - 34).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Mercury, cinnabar and calomel (GeoDIL number - 919).jpg · Darla Sondrol · CC0
Scrap metal yard.jpg · Digitura · CC0
Stand re-initiation of shade-tolerant spruce and fir beneath a closed c… · NPS · Public domain
LOGGING TRUCK LOADED WITH CEDAR IN A CLEARCUT AREA OF THE QUINAULT INDI… · Gene Daniels · Public domain
Stacked wood planks (Unsplash).jpg · Alex Jones alexjones · CC0
Kirschholzbrett -- 2021 -- 7662.jpg · Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0
Particle board manufacturing process.jpg · Seedlesslime · CC BY-SA 4.0
Sandakan Sabah Plywood-Factory-35c.jpg · CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · CC BY-SA 3.0
Oriented strand board at Courtabœuf 2011.jpg · Lionel Allorge · CC BY-SA 3.0
Ascent Building Construction Photos (20210927-FS-ML-0102).jpg · Forest Service Photography · Public domain
Kehra pulp and paper mill in Estonia (November 2021).jpg · Sillerkiil · CC BY-SA 4.0
Holzpelletslager Schlieren der energie 360° AG (2021).jpg · JoachimKohler-HB · CC BY-SA 4.0
Firewood stacked up.jpg · Feci1024 · CC BY 3.0
Tower of blue wooden pallets at Safeway 1.jpg · Ser Amantio di Nicolao · CC0
Big Woods State Forest loblolly plantation.jpg · Antepenultimate · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pseudotsuga menziesii cut trunk.jpg · Crusier · CC BY-SA 3.0
Black spruce stand at Arctic Chalet, Inuvik, NT.jpg · Daniel Case · CC BY-SA 3.0
Old Growth Western Hemlock Forest.jpg · Treefender K · CC BY 4.0
Culturally Scarred Western Red Cedar Tree (45621625422).jpg · GlacierNPS · Public domain
Radiata pine forest in Auckland.jpg · Max Tweddell · CC BY-SA 4.0
2016.Basking.Ridge.Oak.jpg · Ekem · CC BY-SA 4.0
Old, multiple-trunked northern red oak (Quercus rubra), Tiadaghton Stat… · Nicholas A. Tonelli from Northeast Pennsylvania, USA · CC BY 2.0
Acer saccharum (sugar maple tree in fall colors) (Newark, Ohio, USA) (2… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Eastern Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) - Guelph, Ontario 2020-06-19.jpg · Ryan Hodnett · CC BY-SA 4.0
Liriodendron tulipifera double trunk NBG LR.jpg · PumpkinSky · CC BY-SA 4.0
Nilambur Teak Plantation 0384.jpg · Vengolis · CC BY-SA 4.0
CSIRO ScienceImage 714 Eucalyptus Globulus Plantation Australia.jpg · T.Grove, CSIRO · CC BY 3.0

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