Semua · 121
Unsur Tanah Jarang · 18Material Aerospace & Pertahanan · 10Mineral Pertanian · 3Bahan Baku Baterai · 5Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan · 4Bahan Baku Energi · 7Mineral Industri · 35Material Nuklir · 5Logam Mulia · 10Material Semikonduktor · 11Baja & Logam Paduan · 13
Mineral Kritis · 63Strategis · 36Produk Sampingan Saja · 27Transisi Energi · 26Konstruksi · 25Pertahanan · 24Rantai Chip · 17Dapat Didaur Ulang dalam Skala Besar · 8Rantai Magnet · 8Rantai Pangan · 6Rantai Jaringan Listrik · 2
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121 material yang ditampilkan. Produksi dan cadangan adalah USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · Estimasi 2025, logam terkandung atau berat kotor sesuai definisi sumber untuk setiap komoditas · sumber ↗
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| Material | Landas kontinen | Produksi dunia 2025 | Cadangan dunia | Produsen terkemuka | A.S. mengimpor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alumina kritis A fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium… | Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan | 150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production | — | — | 71% | |
| Aluminium kritis A light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —… | Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan | 74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production | — | — | 60% | Al |
| Antimony kritis A brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 110,000metric tons · Mine production | 2,000,000 | China — 36% of world production | — | Sb |
| Argon Almost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Ar |
| Arsenic kritis Famous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind… | Material Semikonduktor | 61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight) | — | Peru — 49% of world production | 100% | As |
| Asbestos A group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung… | Mineral Industri | 960,000metric tons · Mine production | 150,000,000 | — | 100% | |
| Barite kritis A very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow… | Mineral Industri | 8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | India — 34% of world production | 75% | |
| Bauxite kritis A reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and… | Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan | 440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production | 29,000,000 | — | 75% | |
| Beryllium kritis A very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust. | Material Nuklir | 430.0metric tons · Mine production | — | United States — 53% of world production | — | Be |
| Bismuth kritis A heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 16,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 88% of world production | 92% | Bi |
| Boron kritis An element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | Turkey — W% of world production | — | B |
| Bromine The only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water. | Mineral Industri | 430,000metric tons · Production | — | — | 25% | Br |
| Cadmium A toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 23,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | — | 25% | Cd |
| Caesium kritis The softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second. | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | 100% | Cs |
| Cement Powdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue… | Mineral Industri | 3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production | — | — | 21% | |
| Cerium kritis The most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Ce |
| Chromium kritis The element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 540,000 | South Africa — 45% of world production | 79% | Cr |
| Clays Soft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which… | Mineral Industri | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded | — | — | — | |
| Cobalt kritis A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that… | Bahan Baku Baterai | 310,000metric tons · Mine production | 12,000,000 | Congo (Kinshasa) — 74% of world production | 79% | Co |
| Construction Sand & Gravel The most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining. | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Copper kritis The reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans… | Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan | 23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 980,000 | Chile — 23% of world production | — | Cu |
| Crude Oil Ancient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Crushed Stone Rock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Diamond (Industrial) Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug… | Mineral Industri | 38.00million carats · Mine production | 1,700 | — | — | |
| Diatomite Rock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on… | Mineral Industri | 2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Dimension Stone Rock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | 85% | |
| Dysprosium kritis A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot. | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Dy |
| Erbium kritis The rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Er |
| Europium kritis The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Eu |
| Feldspar & Nepheline Syenite The most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt… | Mineral Industri | 31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 95% | |
| Fluorspar kritis Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —… | Mineral Industri | 10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 330,000 | China — 60% of world production | 100% | |
| Gadolinium kritis A rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Gd |
| Gallium kritis A silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast… | Material Semikonduktor | 900,000kilograms · Primary production | — | China — 100% of world production | 100% | Ga |
| Garnet (Industrial) A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in… | Mineral Industri | 730,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 71% | |
| Gemstones Minerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity… | Logam Mulia | 69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production | 2,000,000 | — | 99% | |
| Germanium kritis The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and… | Material Semikonduktor | tidak diterbitkan | — | China — NA% of world production | 50% | Ge |
| Gold The metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why… | Logam Mulia | 3,300metric tons · Mine production | 66,000 | — | — | Au |
| Graphite kritis Pure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that… | Bahan Baku Baterai | 1,800,000metric tons · Mine production | 310,000,000 | China — 78% of world production | 100% | C |
| Gypsum A soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the… | Mineral Industri | 160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Hafnium kritis Zirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and… | Material Nuklir | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Hf |
| Helium The only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light… | Mineral Industri | 190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production | — | — | — | He |
| High-Purity Quartz Quartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal… | Material Semikonduktor | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Holmium kritis The rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Ho |
| Indium kritis A soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring… | Material Semikonduktor | 1,100metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 69% of world production | 100% | In |
| Industrial Sand & Gravel Sand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for… | Mineral Industri | 430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Iodine A purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate… | Mineral Industri | 34,000metric tons · Mine production | 6,300,000 | — | 50% | I |
| Iridium kritis The most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about… | Logam Mulia | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Ir |
| Iron & Steel Iron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet. | Baja & Logam Paduan | 360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons, | — | — | — | |
| Iron & Steel Scrap Old steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by… | Baja & Logam Paduan | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Iron Ore Rust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded | 87,000 | — | — | Fe |
| Iron Oxide Pigments Rust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Krypton A rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is… | Material Semikonduktor | 110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 93% | Kr |
| Kyanite & Related Minerals Blue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Lanthanum kritis The first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | La |
| Lead kritis A soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production | 95,000 | China — 42% of world production | — | Pb |
| Lime Limestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and… | Mineral Industri | 420,000thousand metric tons · Production | — | — | — | |
| Lithium kritis A soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable… | Bahan Baku Baterai | 290,000metric tons · Mine production | 37,000,000 | Australia — 32% of world production | 50% | Li |
| Lutetium kritis The last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Lu |
| Magnesium Compounds Magnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive… | Mineral Industri | 21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 7,800,000 | — | 59% | |
| Magnesium Metal kritis The lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production | — | — | 75% | Mg |
| Manganese kritis A brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch… | Bahan Baku Baterai | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 1,700,000 | South Africa — 37% of world production | 100% | Mn |
| Mercury The only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 210.0metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | Hg |
| Metallurgical Coal Coal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Mica A mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Molybdenum A silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure. | Baja & Logam Paduan | 260,000metric tons · Mine production | 17,000 | — | — | Mo |
| Natural Gas Mostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Neodymium kritis The rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Nd |
| Neon A noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny… | Material Semikonduktor | 800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 52% | Ne |
| Nickel kritis A silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more… | Bahan Baku Baterai | 3,900,000metric tons · Mine production | 140,000,000 | Indonesia — 67% of world production | 41% | Ni |
| Niobium kritis A metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 112,000metric tons · Mine production | 21,000,000 | — | 100% | Nb |
| Nitrogen (Ammonia) Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that… | Mineral Pertanian | 160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production | — | — | — | N |
| Oil Sands & Bitumen Sand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Osmium The densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined… | Logam Mulia | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Os |
| Palladium kritis Platinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than… | Logam Mulia | 190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded | — | Russia — 44% of world production | 57% | Pd |
| Peat Half-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a… | Bahan Baku Energi | 17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 13,000,000 | — | 80% | |
| Perlite A volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to… | Mineral Industri | 4,600thousand metric tons · Production | — | — | 23% | |
| Petroleum Coke The solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Phosphate Rock kritis Rock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries… | Mineral Pertanian | 250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 73,000,000 | China — 44% of world production | — | P |
| Platinum kritis A dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them. | Logam Mulia | 170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded | — | South Africa — 71% of world production | 89% | Pt |
| Platinum-Group Metals kritis Six metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together… | Logam Mulia | tidak diterbitkan | 76,000,000 | — | — | |
| Potash kritis Potassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need… | Mineral Pertanian | 49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 10,000,000 | Canada — 31% of world production | 92% | K |
| Praseodymium kritis Neodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Pr |
| Promethium The one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Pm |
| Pumice & Pumicite Volcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete… | Mineral Industri | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Rare Earths (all) kritis A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | 390,000metric tons · Mine production | 85,000,000 | — | — | |
| Rhenium kritis One of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 81,000kilograms · Mine production | — | Chile — 37% of world production | 75% | Re |
| Rhodium kritis The rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only… | Logam Mulia | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Rh |
| Rubidium kritis Caesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | 100% | Rb |
| Ruthenium kritis A hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip… | Logam Mulia | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Ru |
| Salt Sodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda… | Mineral Industri | 270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 31% | |
| Samarium kritis The rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Sm |
| Scandium kritis A light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | 80.00metric tons · global production | — | China — NA% of world production | 100% | Sc |
| Selenium An element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 3,800metric tons · Refinery production | — | — | 50% | Se |
| Silicon kritis The second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one… | Material Semikonduktor | 5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon | — | China — 87% of world production | — | Si |
| Silicon Carbide & Abrasives Man-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral… | Mineral Industri | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Silver kritis The best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer… | Logam Mulia | 26,000metric tons · Mine production | 610,000 | Mexico — 24% of world production | 77% | Ag |
| Soda Ash Sodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost… | Mineral Industri | 19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded | 25,000,000 | — | — | |
| Strontium A soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it. | Mineral Industri | 450,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 100% | Sr |
| Sulfur A yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric… | Mineral Industri | 84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms | — | — | — | S |
| Talc & Pyrophyllite The softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics… | Mineral Industri | 6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Tantalum kritis A dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 2,500metric tons · Mine production | — | Congo (Kinshasa) — 52% of world production | 100% | Ta |
| Tellurium kritis A brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank… | Material Semikonduktor | 1,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 80% of world production | 25% | Te |
| Terbium kritis The scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Tb |
| Thallium A soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts. | Material Semikonduktor | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Tl |
| Thermal Coal Coal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the… | Bahan Baku Energi | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | |
| Thorium A weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into… | Material Nuklir | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Th |
| Thulium kritis The least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers. | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Tm |
| Tin kritis A soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 290,000metric tons · Mine production | 6,000,000 | China — 24% of world production | — | Sn |
| Titanium kritis A metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production | — | — | — | Ti |
| Titanium Mineral Concentrates kritis Black beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded | 490,000 | — | 88% | |
| Tungsten kritis The metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it… | Material Aerospace & Pertahanan | 85,000metric tons · Mine production | 4,700,000 | China — 79% of world production | 50% | W |
| Uranium A heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million… | Material Nuklir | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | U |
| Vanadium kritis A metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 110,000metric tons · Mine production | 21,000 | China — 75% of world production | 41% | V |
| Vermiculite A mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and… | Mineral Industri | 460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 25% | |
| Wollastonite A needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards… | Mineral Industri | 860,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Xenon The rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest… | Material Semikonduktor | 12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 98% | Xe |
| Ytterbium kritis A rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | tidak diterbitkan | — | — | — | Yb |
| Yttrium kritis Counted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves… | Unsur Tanah Jarang | 12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates | — | China — NA% of world production | 100% | Y |
| Zeolites (Natural) Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else… | Mineral Industri | 1,300,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Zinc kritis The metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes… | Baja & Logam Paduan | 13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 240,000 | China — 32% of world production | — | Zn |
| Zirconium kritis A metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and… | Material Nuklir | 1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight) | 70,000 | — | — | Zr |
Telusuri berdasarkan gambar
Alumina
A fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium metal.
Aluminium
A light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite — which is why people call…
Antimony
A brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer rounds of ammunition.
Argon
Almost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from hot metal.
Arsenic
Famous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind high-frequency radio…
Asbestos
A group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung disease decades after…
Barite
A very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow out.
Bauxite
A reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and the only ore aluminium…
Beryllium
A very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.
Bismuth
A heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders, plumbing brass and stomach…
Boron
An element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and neodymium — the strongest…
Bromine
The only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.
Cadmium
A toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels rather than in the batteries…
Caesium
The softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.
Cement
Powdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue that holds concrete…
Cerium
The most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a polishing powder and in…
Chromium
The element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel grows an invisible film that…
Clays
Soft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which is why it can be shaped…
Cobalt
A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that holds its strength when…
Construction Sand & Gravel
The most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.
Copper
The reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans have been smelting for…
Crude Oil
Ancient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries more energy per litre than…
Crushed Stone
Rock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest tonnage humans move.
Diamond (Industrial)
Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug out of the ground.
Diatomite
Rock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on water.
Dimension Stone
Rock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold for what it looks like.
Dysprosium
A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.
Erbium
The rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back into electricity.
Europium
The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in every colour television.
Feldspar & Nepheline Syenite
The most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt at a workable…
Fluorspar
Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from — including the fluorine in…
Gadolinium
A rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier to read.
Gallium
A silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast chargers, radar and LEDs.
Garnet (Industrial)
A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in waterjet cutting and…
Gemstones
Minerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity rather than on tonnage.
Germanium
The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and fibre-optic glass.