Commodity Education

Semua · 146 Unsur Tanah Jarang · 18 Material Aerospace & Pertahanan · 10 Mineral Pertanian · 3 Bahan Baku Baterai · 5 Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan · 4 Bahan Baku Energi · 7 Mineral Industri · 35 Material Nuklir · 5 Logam Mulia · 10 Material Semikonduktor · 11 Baja & Logam Paduan · 13 Wood & Forest Products · 25

Mineral Kritis · 63 Strategis · 36 Konstruksi · 35 Produk Sampingan Saja · 27 Transisi Energi · 26 Pertahanan · 24 Rantai Chip · 17 Forest Product · 12 Dapat Didaur Ulang dalam Skala Besar · 9 Rantai Magnet · 8 Hardwood · 8 Softwood · 7 Renewable · 6 Rantai Pangan · 6 Engineered Wood · 4 Rantai Jaringan Listrik · 2

Urutkan: Landas kontinen Nama Produksi dunia Cadangan Ketergantungan impor A.S. Penyaring lengkap → Tabel periodik →

146 materials shown. Figures are from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · as each source defines it for each commodity · sumber ↗

Gulir tabel ke samping untuk melihat kolom-kolom yang tersisa.

Landas kontinen 01 · 18 material

Unsur Tanah Jarang

Tujuh belas unsur yang secara kimiawi serupa, yang menghasilkan magnet terkuat dan fosfor paling terang.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Rare Earths (all) kritisA family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate…	390,000metric tons · Mine production	85,000,000	China69% dari produksi dunia†	—
Neodymium kritisThe rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Praseodymium kritisNeodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Dysprosium kritisA heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Terbium kritisThe scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Lanthanum kritisThe first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Cerium kritisThe most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Samarium kritisThe rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Europium kritisThe rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Gadolinium kritisA rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Yttrium kritisCounted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves…	12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates	—	Chinapangsa tidak diterbitkan	100%
Scandium kritisA light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced…	80.00metric tons · global production	—	Chinapangsa tidak diterbitkan	100%
Holmium kritisThe rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Erbium kritisThe rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Thulium kritisThe least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers.	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Ytterbium kritisA rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Lutetium kritisThe last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
PromethiumThe one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—

Landas kontinen 02 · 10 material

Material Aerospace & Pertahanan

Logam yang dipilih karena kekuatannya pada suhu tinggi, atau karena kemampuannya menghentikan sesuatu.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Titanium kritisA metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in…	370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production	—	China70% dari produksi dunia†	—
Titanium Mineral Concentrates kritisBlack beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and…	9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded	490,000	—	88%
Tungsten kritisThe metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it…	85,000metric tons · Mine production	4,700,000	China79% dari produksi dunia	50%
Niobium kritisA metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per…	112,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000,000	Brazil93% dari produksi dunia†	100%
Tantalum kritisA dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the…	2,500metric tons · Mine production	—	Congo (Kinshasa)52% dari produksi dunia	100%
Rhenium kritisOne of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient…	81,000kilograms · Mine production	—	Chile37% dari produksi dunia	75%
Antimony kritisA brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	2,000,000	China36% dari produksi dunia	—
Bismuth kritisA heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders…	16,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China88% dari produksi dunia	92%
Caesium kritisThe softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	100%
Rubidium kritisCaesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	100%

Landas kontinen 03 · 3 material

Mineral Pertanian

Nutrien yang ditambang untuk menyuburkan tanaman — dan oleh karena itu, manusia.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Phosphate Rock kritisRock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries…	250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	73,000,000	China44% dari produksi dunia	—
Potash kritisPotassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need…	49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	10,000,000	Canada31% dari produksi dunia	92%
Nitrogen (Ammonia)Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that…	160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production	—	China31% dari produksi dunia†	—

Landas kontinen 04 · 5 material

Bahan Baku Baterai

Apa yang ada di dalam sel isi ulang — dan ke mana sel tersebut dihubungkan.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Lithium kritisA soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	37,000,000	Australia32% dari produksi dunia	50%
Cobalt kritisA hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that…	310,000metric tons · Mine production	12,000,000	Congo (Kinshasa)74% dari produksi dunia	79%
Nickel kritisA silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more…	3,900,000metric tons · Mine production	140,000,000	Indonesia67% dari produksi dunia	41%
Graphite kritisPure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that…	1,800,000metric tons · Mine production	310,000,000	China78% dari produksi dunia	100%
Manganese kritisA brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	1,700,000	South Africa37% dari produksi dunia	100%

Landas kontinen 05 · 4 material

Material Tembaga & Kelistrikan

Logam-logam yang mengalirkan arus, dari kabel rumah hingga jaringan listrik nasional.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Copper kritisThe reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans…	23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	980,000	Chile23% dari produksi dunia	—
Aluminium kritisA light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —…	74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China61% dari produksi dunia†	60%
Bauxite kritisA reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and…	440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production	29,000,000	—	75%
Alumina kritisA fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium…	150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production	—	China62% dari produksi dunia†	71%

Landas kontinen 06 · 7 material

Bahan Baku Energi

Karbon dan gas yang masih dibakar oleh perekonomian, serta batuan asalnya.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Crude OilAncient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Oil Sands & BitumenSand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Natural GasMostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Metallurgical CoalCoal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Thermal CoalCoal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Petroleum CokeThe solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
PeatHalf-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a…	17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	13,000,000	Finland15% dari produksi dunia†	80%

Landas kontinen 07 · 35 material

Mineral Industri

Batuan non-logam dan garam yang digunakan dalam jumlah besar: semen, kaca, bahan kimia, abrasif.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
CementPowdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue…	3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production	—	China45% dari produksi dunia†	21%
SaltSodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda…	270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	China21% dari produksi dunia†	31%
Soda AshSodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost…	19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded	25,000,000	—	—
Fluorspar kritisCalcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —…	10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	330,000	China60% dari produksi dunia	100%
Barite kritisA very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow…	8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India34% dari produksi dunia	75%
Boron kritisAn element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and…	tidak diterbitkan	—	Turkeypangsa ditahan	—
HeliumThe only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light…	190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production	—	United States43% dari produksi dunia†	—
Silicon Carbide & AbrasivesMan-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
SulfurA yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric…	84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms	—	China23% dari produksi dunia†	—
LimeLimestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and…	420,000thousand metric tons · Production	—	China74% dari produksi dunia†	—
Construction Sand & GravelThe most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
GypsumA soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the…	160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States12% dari produksi dunia†	—
Diamond (Industrial)Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug…	38.00million carats · Mine production	1,700	Russia42% dari produksi dunia†	—
ClaysSoft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded	—	—	—
MicaA mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Talc & PyrophylliteThe softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics…	6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Korea, Republic of4% dari produksi dunia†	—
PerliteA volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to…	4,600thousand metric tons · Production	—	China33% dari produksi dunia†	23%
DiatomiteRock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on…	2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States29% dari produksi dunia†	—
VermiculiteA mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and…	460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	South Africa35% dari produksi dunia†	25%
Industrial Sand & GravelSand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for…	430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States28% dari produksi dunia†	—
Magnesium CompoundsMagnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive…	21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	7,800,000	—	59%
Iron Oxide PigmentsRust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
ArgonAlmost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
IodineA purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate…	34,000metric tons · Mine production	6,300,000	—	50%
BromineThe only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.	430,000metric tons · Production	—	—	25%
StrontiumA soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it.	450,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Iran56% dari produksi dunia†	100%
Feldspar & Nepheline SyeniteThe most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt…	31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India19% dari produksi dunia†	95%
Garnet (Industrial)A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in…	730,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Australia48% dari produksi dunia†	71%
Zeolites (Natural)Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else…	1,300,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Slovakia22% dari produksi dunia†	—
Kyanite & Related MineralsBlue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Pumice & PumiciteVolcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Turkey48% dari produksi dunia†	—
Crushed StoneRock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Dimension StoneRock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	85%
WollastoniteA needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards…	860,000metric tons · Mine production	—	—	—
AsbestosA group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung…	960,000metric tons · Mine production	150,000,000	Russia32% dari produksi dunia†	100%

Landas kontinen 08 · 5 material

Material Nuklir

Bahan bakar, moderator, dan perisai untuk fisi — serta logam yang dibutuhkan oleh mesin fusi.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka
UraniumA heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—
ThoriumA weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—
Zirconium kritisA metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and…	1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight)	70,000	Australia33% dari produksi dunia†
Hafnium kritisZirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—
Beryllium kritisA very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.	430.0metric tons · Mine production	—	United States53% dari produksi dunia

Landas kontinen 09 · 10 material

Logam Mulia

Emas, perak, dan kelompok platina — uang, katalis, dan kontak.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Platinum-Group Metals kritisSix metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together…	tidak diterbitkan	76,000,000	—	—
Silver kritisThe best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer…	26,000metric tons · Mine production	610,000	Mexico24% dari produksi dunia	77%
GoldThe metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why…	3,300metric tons · Mine production	66,000	China12% dari produksi dunia†	—
Platinum kritisA dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them.	170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded	—	South Africa71% dari produksi dunia	89%
Palladium kritisPlatinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than…	190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded	—	Russia44% dari produksi dunia	57%
Rhodium kritisThe rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Iridium kritisThe most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
Ruthenium kritisA hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
OsmiumThe densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—
GemstonesMinerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity…	69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production	2,000,000	Russia30% dari produksi dunia†	99%

Landas kontinen 10 · 11 material

Material Semikonduktor

Unsur-unsur dan senyawa bermutu sangat tinggi yang digunakan untuk menumbuhkan, mendoping, dan menghubungkan cip.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Silicon kritisThe second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one…	5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon	China87% dari produksi dunia	—
Gallium kritisA silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast…	900,000kilograms · Primary production	China100% dari produksi dunia	100%
Germanium kritisThe element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and…	tidak diterbitkan	Chinapangsa tidak diterbitkan	50%
Indium kritisA soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring…	1,100metric tons · Refinery production	China69% dari produksi dunia	100%
Tellurium kritisA brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank…	1,000metric tons · Refinery production	China80% dari produksi dunia	25%
Arsenic kritisFamous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind…	61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight)	Peru49% dari produksi dunia	100%
High-Purity QuartzQuartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—
NeonA noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny…	800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States14% dari produksi dunia†	52%
KryptonA rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is…	110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% dari produksi dunia†	93%
XenonThe rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest…	12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% dari produksi dunia†	98%
ThalliumA soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts.	tidak diterbitkan	—	—

Landas kontinen 11 · 13 material

Baja & Logam Paduan

Besi dan selusin unsur yang mengubahnya menjadi ribuan jenis baja yang berbeda.

Material	Produksi dunia 2025	Cadangan dunia	Produsen terkemuka	A.S. mengimpor
Iron OreRust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage…	2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded	87,000	—	—
Iron & SteelIron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet.	360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons,	—	—	—
Chromium kritisThe element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel…	51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	540,000	South Africa45% dari produksi dunia	79%
MolybdenumA silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure.	260,000metric tons · Mine production	17,000	China37% dari produksi dunia†	—
Vanadium kritisA metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000	China75% dari produksi dunia	41%
Zinc kritisThe metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes…	13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	240,000	China32% dari produksi dunia	—
Tin kritisA soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	6,000,000	China24% dari produksi dunia	—
Lead kritisA soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is…	4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	95,000	China42% dari produksi dunia	—
Magnesium Metal kritisThe lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that…	1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China86% dari produksi dunia†	75%
CadmiumA toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels…	23,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China41% dari produksi dunia†	25%
SeleniumAn element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in…	3,800metric tons · Refinery production	—	China53% dari produksi dunia†	50%
MercuryThe only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated…	210.0metric tons · Mine production	—	China95% dari produksi dunia†	—
Iron & Steel ScrapOld steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by…	tidak diterbitkan	—	—	—

Landas kontinen 12 · 25 material

Wood & Forest Products

The only structural material that grows back - what it is, where it is standing, how it is cut and graded, and who buys it.

Material	Produksi dunia	Produsen terkemuka
Standing TimberThe wood that is still a tree. Every board, panel and sheet of paper on the site starts here…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Industrial RoundwoodLogs. The tree after felling and before anything has been done to it except cutting it to…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Softwood LumberSawn boards from coniferous trees - the 2x4s and joists that most of the world's houses are…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Hardwood LumberSawn boards from broadleaved trees - what furniture, flooring, cabinets and barrels are made of.	tidak diterbitkan	—
Wood-Based PanelsSheets made by gluing wood back together - veneers, chips, strands or fibres pressed into a…	tidak diterbitkan	—
PlywoodThin layers of wood peeled from a log and glued in a stack with the grain crossed at right…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Oriented Strand BoardA structural panel made from long wood strands laid in layers and pressed - the cheaper…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Mass TimberStructural timber built up from smaller pieces into beams, columns and whole floor slabs big…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Wood PulpWood reduced to its individual fibres, by cooking or by grinding, ready to be made into paper…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Wood PelletsSawdust and shavings dried and squeezed into uniform cylinders that can be handled, shipped and…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Wood FuelWood cut to be burned - firewood and the charcoal made from it. Still the largest single use of…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Recovered WoodWood collected after use - pallets, crates, demolition timber and furniture - and sent back…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Southern Yellow PineA fast-grown, dense, strong southern US pine - the workhorse of American framing and the only…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Douglas FirNot a true fir. The strongest and stiffest softwood in wide structural use, and the species…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF)A marketing group, not a species: several interchangeable northern softwoods graded and sold…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Hem-FirWestern hemlock sold together with the true firs that grow alongside it, as a single graded…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Western Red CedarA light, soft, aromatic softwood whose heartwood resists decay without any treatment at all.	tidak diterbitkan	—
Radiata PineA Californian pine with a tiny natural range that became the most widely planted plantation…	tidak diterbitkan	—
White OakA dense, pale hardwood whose closed cell structure makes it watertight - which is why barrels…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Red OakThe volume hardwood of North America: strong, open-pored, pinkish, and sawn in greater quantity…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Hard MapleA very hard, pale, fine-grained hardwood that takes heavy wear without denting - the standard…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Black WalnutThe dark, strong, dimensionally stable hardwood that American furniture and gunstocks are made…	tidak diterbitkan	—
Yellow PoplarA fast-growing, light, straight-grained American hardwood - neither a poplar nor yellow in the…	tidak diterbitkan	—
TeakA tropical hardwood whose natural oils make it hold up outdoors and against saltwater better…	tidak diterbitkan	—
EucalyptusThe fastest-growing hardwood planted at scale, harvested on rotations as short as six or seven…	tidak diterbitkan	—

† Dihitung dari tabel produksi USGS: output negara terdepan dibagi total dunia. Di mana USGS menerbitkan pangsa itu sendiri, angka tersebut yang ditampilkan.

Foto-foto di halaman ini · 159

Azurite-malachite-specimen.jpg Mineral specimen featuring azurite, mala… · Δανάη Κωτσιομύτη · CC BY-SA 4.0
Elementares Neodym.jpg · Tobias Meints · CC BY-SA 4.0
Turbine disc and blades of sectioned Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop.jpg · Olivier Cleynen · CC BY-SA 3.0
Potash evaporation ponds near Moab, UT, May 2013.jpg · Orange Suede Sofa · CC BY-SA 3.0
Tesla Gigafactory 1 - December 2019.jpg · Smnt · CC BY-SA 4.0
Copper wire rod produced by LS Cable & System.jpg · Lsgeeks · CC BY-SA 3.0
TurowCoalMine.jpg · Petr Vodička · CC BY-SA 4.0
Königswartha Caminau Kaolin quarry Aerial.jpg · Gunther Tschuch · CC BY-SA 4.0
Yellow Cake Uranium (14492248719).jpg · Nuclear Regulatory Commission from US · Public domain
Gold bullion bars.jpg · Stevebidmead · CC0
Wafer 2 20140922.jpg · Santi · CC BY-SA 2.0
Iron and slag tapping from a blast furnace tap hole — Випуск продуктів … · Blast furnace chip worker · CC BY-SA 3.0
Houtzagerij Sagi Tschiertschen 03.jpg · Dominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0
Titanium sponge cylinder, 120 grams.jpg · Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements · CC BY 3.0
Ilmenite sand.jpg · Mx. Granger · CC0
Wolframiteportugal2.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
2024 Artsy Niobium Cavity - Flickr - Jefferson Lab.jpg · Jefferson Lab from Newport News, USA · Public domain
Polymer Tantalum Capacitor Cross Section.jpg · TubeTimeUS · CC BY-SA 4.0
Rhenium metal.jpg · Keresluna · CC BY-SA 4.0
Stibnite, Antimony sulfide.jpg · Bobjgalindo · CC BY-SA 4.0
Bismuth crystal Créer le cristal n01.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Pollucite Paprok MNHN Minéralogie.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Rb5.JPG · Dnn87 · CC BY 3.0
Apatite Sapo Mine Minéraux SU.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Sylvite-halite-carnallite-polyhalite (Salado Formation, Upper Permian; … · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Eliminating a minor ammonia leak at the nitrogen fertilizer plant - pan… · Tseno Tanev (цено та… · CC BY-SA 3.0
Spodumene Nuristan Créer le cristal.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
Cobaltite (GeoDIL number - 1151).jpg · Darla Sondrol · CC0
Pyrrhotite with pentlandite (late Paleoproterozoic, 1.85 Ga; 800 Orebod… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Minerals in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 05.jpg · Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pyrolusite Mineral with Dendrite Macro Digon3.jpg · “Jonathan Zander ( Digon3 )" · CC BY-SA 3.0
Chalcopyrite botroïdale.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
Aluminum ingots at Norwegian Aluminium Company.jpg · Anders Beer Wilse · CC BY 4.0
Pisolitic bauxite (Alcoa Bauxite Mine, Arkansas, USA) 5.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Pinjarra Alumina Refinery, September 2020 01.jpg · Calistemon · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pumpjacks.JPG · Arne Hückelheim · CC BY-SA 3.0
Syncrude oil sands mine works, Mildred Lake, Alberta.jpg · Dicklyon · CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-05-20 02 LNG tanker, GULF ENERGY - IMO 7390143.jpg · Gordon Leggett · CC BY-SA 4.0
Coke ovens and coal tipple, Fayette County, Penn (68762).jpg · Pub. by Uniontown News Agency & Co., Uniontown,… · Public domain
DRAGLINE (USED IN STRIP MINING) AT THE NAVAJO COAL MINE IN NORTHERN ARI… · Lyntha Scott Eiler · Public domain
Petrolkoks IMG 6166.jpg · romanm ( talk ) · CC BY-SA 2.5 si
Industrial peat harvesting in a section of the Bog of Allen in County O… · Sarah777 · Public domain
Cement kiln in Gorazdze Cement plant.JPG · Jb957 · CC0
UFO-shaped constructions in the underground lake, Mina Terezia, Turda s… · DimiTalen · CC0
Trona - USGS Mineral Specimens 1116.jpg · Andrew Silver · Public domain
Fluorite crystals.jpg · Marek Novotňák · CC BY-SA 4.0
Barite - Cerro Warihuyn, Miraflores, Huamalies, Huanuco, Peru.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Borax crystals.jpg · Aram Dulyan ( User:Aramgutang ) · Public domain
ISS Magnet.jpg · Ordan, Julien Marius · CC BY 4.0
Craftsman hand-carving a traditional stone grinding wheel (chakki), Kha… · Suyash Dwivedi · CC BY-SA 4.0
Union Sulphur Co Reserve Sulphur Storage in Louisiana.jpg · Underwood and Underwood · Public domain
LimestoneKilnsTalybont.jpg · Martinvl · CC BY-SA 4.0
Kongensbro gravel pit 2014-09-17.jpg · Slaunger · CC BY-SA 3.0
Gypsum crystals 1802-0312a.jpg · Mozzihh · CC BY-SA 4.0
Diamond blade very macro.jpg · Hustvedt · CC BY-SA 3.0
Kaznějov kaolin quarry revitalisation.jpg · Jan Macura · CC BY-SA 4.0
Muscovite mica 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Talc-386099.jpg · John Krygier · Public domain
Expanded & popped perlite (Hollinger Quarry, Wilson Creek Range, Nevada… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Diatomite (diatomaceous earth) Monterey Formation at a diatomite quarry… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Vermiculite board fireproofing 001.png · Achim Hering · CC BY 3.0
Wrotham Quarry, Addinton 07.jpg · Simon Burchell · CC BY-SA 4.0
MagnesiteSaxe.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 4.0
Fragment of red pigment Ochre - Museo Egizio, Turin S 9927 p02.jpg · CC0
US Navy 090715-N-5821P-002 Aviation Support Equipment Technician Airman… · U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialis… · Public domain
Iodine crystals, 99.9% purity.jpg · Dnn87 · CC BY 3.0
Bromine-ampoule.jpg · Jurii · CC BY 3.0
Celestine from Madagascar in the Mineral Museum of Siófok.jpg · Szilas · Public domain
Feldspar Mineral Museum Display Exhibit.jpg · QueenCityCebu · CC BY-SA 4.0
Garnet - Spessartine crystal detail.jpg · ButtShark · CC0
Estonian Museum of Natural History Specimen No 203540 photo (g232 g232-… · Tõnis Saadre · CC BY-SA 4.0
Kyanite 5.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Pumice stones.JPG · Mauro Cateb · CC BY-SA 3.0
Abandoned limestone quarry on Furilden Gotland 1.jpg · W.carter / Ann-Sophie Qvarnström · CC BY-SA 2.0
Red marble quarry Cava Buscada - Erto e Casso, Pordenone, Friuli-Venezi… · Mænsard vokser · CC BY-SA 4.0
Wollastonite madagascar.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
Chrysotile asbestos veins in serpentinized komatiite (Upper Komatiitic … · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Uranium ore and "yellowcake" uranium concentrate at the Greifswald Nucl… · Siarhei Besarab · CC BY-SA 4.0
Yellowing of thorium lenses.jpg · El Grafo · CC BY-SA 4.0
Deformed crystal of zircon.jpg · Liza Kovaleva · CC BY-SA 4.0
Hafnium (Element - 72) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Crystal surface of colorless Beryl, multicolor filter, size 5,8 x 3,9 mm.jpg · Sepelinmurskaaja · CC BY-SA 4.0
Elektrociepłownia PGE Toruń1.jpg · Mateuszgdynia · CC BY-SA 4.0
Native silver 1.jpg · Parent Géry · CC BY-SA 3.0
AZ Gold Nugget Quartz.jpg · Bryan Barnes · CC BY-SA 4.0
Wellgreen Platinum project in Yukon (22284209294).jpg · MINING.com · CC BY 2.0
Palladium (Element - 46) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Rhodium powder pressed melted.jpg · Alchemist-hp ( talk ) www.pse-mendelejew.de der… · CC BY-SA 3.0 de
Iridium (Element - 77) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Ru metal 1g.JPG · Leiem · CC BY-SA 4.0
Osmium star.jpg · Bilovitskiy · CC BY 4.0
Zultanite rough crystal and gemstones.jpg · Zultgems, LLC · CC0
Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine, Mountain Pass, California (15470415247).jpg · Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
Neodymium oxide 170g.jpg · W. Oelen · CC BY-SA 3.0
Praseodymium (Element - 59) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Dysprosium (Element - 66) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Terbium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Lanthanum (Element - 57) 3.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Cerium (Element - 58) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Samarium shards.jpg · brainandforce · CC0
Europium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Gadolinium 2.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Piece of Yttrium.jpg · Jan Anskeit · CC BY-SA 4.0
Scandium (Element - 21).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Holmium shards.jpg · brainandforce · CC0
Erbium (Element - 68).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Thulium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Ytterbium (Element - 70) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
PET-schema.png · Jens Maus ( https://jens-maus.de/ ) · Public domain
Promethium (Element - 61) 1.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Wafer 20110212.jpg · Sangitiana Fararano · CC BY-SA 2.0
Plastic bottle containing gallium metal.JPG · Pixelmaniac pictures ( Leave a reply ) · CC0
Miniman M 703 germanium crystal radio made in Japan late 1950s.jpg · R. Henrik Nilsson · CC BY 4.0
Indium wetting glass.jpg · Schtone · Public domain
Tellurium crystals.jpg · Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements · CC BY 3.0
Native arsenic2.jpg · Miguel Calvo · CC BY 4.0
Geode-with-encrustation-of-quartz-crystals-on-a-base-of-limonite-01.jpg · CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · CC BY-SA 4.0
Neon tubes (32703).jpg · Rhododendrites · CC BY-SA 4.0
Spectre tubes à gaz.jpg · Alchemist-hp , derivative work by Poke2001 · CC BY-SA 2.0 de
Three xenon flashtubes and a krypton arc lamp.jpg · Zaereth ( talk ) · Public domain
Thallium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
Hematite (iron ore) (weathered zone in the Biwabik Iron-Formation, Whit… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Blast furnace at Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation mill in Etna, Penn… · Alfred T. Palmer · Public domain
Metal poles (surface is chromium-plated) - HDR.jpg · Laitche · CC BY-SA 4.0
Molybdenite quebec2.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY 3.0
World- Vanadium Production,*1946 - DPLA - 3e24602f809408ce766ef8a40e074… · Central Intelligence Agency · Public domain
Sphalerite - Creede, Mineral County, Colorado, USA.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Cassiterite (GeoDIL number - 37).jpg · Shannon Heinle · CC0
Galena - Huallanca, Bologesi, Ancash, Peru.jpg · Ivar Leidus · CC BY-SA 4.0
Dowmetal Magnesium- The Metal of Motion - DPLA - 6cfddacda671bc92edb70f… · Dow Chemical Company · Public domain
Cadmium (Element - 48) 3.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Selenium (Element - 34).jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Mercury, cinnabar and calomel (GeoDIL number - 919).jpg · Darla Sondrol · CC0
Scrap metal yard.jpg · Digitura · CC0
Stand re-initiation of shade-tolerant spruce and fir beneath a closed c… · NPS · Public domain
LOGGING TRUCK LOADED WITH CEDAR IN A CLEARCUT AREA OF THE QUINAULT INDI… · Gene Daniels · Public domain
Stacked wood planks (Unsplash).jpg · Alex Jones alexjones · CC0
Kirschholzbrett -- 2021 -- 7662.jpg · Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0
Particle board manufacturing process.jpg · Seedlesslime · CC BY-SA 4.0
Sandakan Sabah Plywood-Factory-35c.jpg · CEphoto, Uwe Aranas · CC BY-SA 3.0
Oriented strand board at Courtabœuf 2011.jpg · Lionel Allorge · CC BY-SA 3.0
Ascent Building Construction Photos (20210927-FS-ML-0102).jpg · Forest Service Photography · Public domain
Kehra pulp and paper mill in Estonia (November 2021).jpg · Sillerkiil · CC BY-SA 4.0
Holzpelletslager Schlieren der energie 360° AG (2021).jpg · JoachimKohler-HB · CC BY-SA 4.0
Firewood stacked up.jpg · Feci1024 · CC BY 3.0
Tower of blue wooden pallets at Safeway 1.jpg · Ser Amantio di Nicolao · CC0
Big Woods State Forest loblolly plantation.jpg · Antepenultimate · CC BY-SA 4.0
Pseudotsuga menziesii cut trunk.jpg · Crusier · CC BY-SA 3.0
Black spruce stand at Arctic Chalet, Inuvik, NT.jpg · Daniel Case · CC BY-SA 3.0
Old Growth Western Hemlock Forest.jpg · Treefender K · CC BY 4.0
Culturally Scarred Western Red Cedar Tree (45621625422).jpg · GlacierNPS · Public domain
Radiata pine forest in Auckland.jpg · Max Tweddell · CC BY-SA 4.0
2016.Basking.Ridge.Oak.jpg · Ekem · CC BY-SA 4.0
Old, multiple-trunked northern red oak (Quercus rubra), Tiadaghton Stat… · Nicholas A. Tonelli from Northeast Pennsylvania, USA · CC BY 2.0
Acer saccharum (sugar maple tree in fall colors) (Newark, Ohio, USA) (2… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Eastern Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) - Guelph, Ontario 2020-06-19.jpg · Ryan Hodnett · CC BY-SA 4.0
Liriodendron tulipifera double trunk NBG LR.jpg · PumpkinSky · CC BY-SA 4.0
Nilambur Teak Plantation 0384.jpg · Vengolis · CC BY-SA 4.0
CSIRO ScienceImage 714 Eucalyptus Globulus Plantation Australia.jpg · T.Grove, CSIRO · CC BY 3.0

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