Commodity Education

Todos · 146 Elementos de Terras Raras · 18 Materiais para Aeroespacial e Defesa · 10 Minerais Agrícolas · 3 Materiais para Baterias · 5 Materiais de Cobre e Elétricos · 4 Matérias-Primas Energéticas · 7 Minerais Industriais · 35 Materiais Nucleares · 5 Metais preciosos · 10 Materiais para Semicondutores · 11 Aço e metais de liga · 13 Wood & Forest Products · 25

Mineral Crítico · 63 Estratégico · 36 Construção · 35 Apenas Subproduto · 27 Transição Energética · 26 Defesa · 24 Cadeia de Chips · 17 Forest Product · 12 Reciclável em Escala · 9 Cadeia de Ímanes · 8 Hardwood · 8 Softwood · 7 Renewable · 6 Cadeia Alimentar · 6 Engineered Wood · 4 Cadeia da Rede · 2

Ordenar: Prateleira Nome Produção mundial Reservas Dependência de importações dos EUA Screener completo → Tabela periódica →

146 materials shown. Figures are from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · as each source defines it for each commodity · fonte ↗

Deslize a tabela lateralmente para ver as colunas restantes.

Prateleira 01 · 18 materiais

Elementos de Terras Raras

Dezassete elementos quimicamente semelhantes que produzem os ímanes mais potentes e os fósforos mais luminosos.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Rare Earths (all) críticoA family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate…	390,000metric tons · Mine production	85,000,000	China69% da produção mundial†	—
Neodymium críticoThe rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard…	não publicado	—	—	—
Praseodymium críticoNeodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and…	não publicado	—	—	—
Dysprosium críticoA heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.	não publicado	—	—	—
Terbium críticoThe scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive…	não publicado	—	—	—
Lanthanum críticoThe first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into…	não publicado	—	—	—
Cerium críticoThe most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a…	não publicado	—	—	—
Samarium críticoThe rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a…	não publicado	—	—	—
Europium críticoThe rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in…	não publicado	—	—	—
Gadolinium críticoA rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier…	não publicado	—	—	—
Yttrium críticoCounted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves…	12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates	—	Chinaparticipação não publicada	100%
Scandium críticoA light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced…	80.00metric tons · global production	—	Chinaparticipação não publicada	100%
Holmium críticoThe rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of…	não publicado	—	—	—
Erbium críticoThe rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back…	não publicado	—	—	—
Thulium críticoThe least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers.	não publicado	—	—	—
Ytterbium críticoA rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most…	não publicado	—	—	—
Lutetium críticoThe last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET…	não publicado	—	—	—
PromethiumThe one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays…	não publicado	—	—	—

Prateleira 02 · 10 materiais

Materiais para Aeroespacial e Defesa

Metais escolhidos pela resistência a altas temperaturas ou pela capacidade de proteção.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Titanium críticoA metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in…	370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production	—	China70% da produção mundial†	—
Titanium Mineral Concentrates críticoBlack beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and…	9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded	490,000	—	88%
Tungsten críticoThe metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it…	85,000metric tons · Mine production	4,700,000	China79% da produção mundial	50%
Niobium críticoA metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per…	112,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000,000	Brazil93% da produção mundial†	100%
Tantalum críticoA dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the…	2,500metric tons · Mine production	—	Congo (Kinshasa)52% da produção mundial	100%
Rhenium críticoOne of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient…	81,000kilograms · Mine production	—	Chile37% da produção mundial	75%
Antimony críticoA brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	2,000,000	China36% da produção mundial	—
Bismuth críticoA heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders…	16,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China88% da produção mundial	92%
Caesium críticoThe softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.	não publicado	—	—	100%
Rubidium críticoCaesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic…	não publicado	—	—	100%

Prateleira 03 · 3 materiais

Minerais Agrícolas

Os nutrientes extraídos que alimentam as culturas — e portanto as pessoas.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Phosphate Rock críticoRock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries…	250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	73,000,000	China44% da produção mundial	—
Potash críticoPotassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need…	49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	10,000,000	Canada31% da produção mundial	92%
Nitrogen (Ammonia)Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that…	160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production	—	China31% da produção mundial†	—

Prateleira 04 · 5 materiais

Materiais para Baterias

O que contém uma célula recarregável — e ao que ela está ligada.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Lithium críticoA soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	37,000,000	Australia32% da produção mundial	50%
Cobalt críticoA hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that…	310,000metric tons · Mine production	12,000,000	Congo (Kinshasa)74% da produção mundial	79%
Nickel críticoA silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more…	3,900,000metric tons · Mine production	140,000,000	Indonesia67% da produção mundial	41%
Graphite críticoPure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that…	1,800,000metric tons · Mine production	310,000,000	China78% da produção mundial	100%
Manganese críticoA brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	1,700,000	South Africa37% da produção mundial	100%

Prateleira 05 · 4 materiais

Materiais de Cobre e Elétricos

Os metais que conduzem corrente, do fio doméstico à rede nacional.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Copper críticoThe reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans…	23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	980,000	Chile23% da produção mundial	—
Aluminium críticoA light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —…	74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China61% da produção mundial†	60%
Bauxite críticoA reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and…	440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production	29,000,000	—	75%
Alumina críticoA fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium…	150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production	—	China62% da produção mundial†	71%

Prateleira 06 · 7 materiais

Matérias-Primas Energéticas

O carbono e o gás que a economia ainda queima, e a rocha de onde provêm.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Crude OilAncient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries…	não publicado	—	—	—
Oil Sands & BitumenSand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated…	não publicado	—	—	—
Natural GasMostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by…	não publicado	—	—	—
Metallurgical CoalCoal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon…	não publicado	—	—	—
Thermal CoalCoal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the…	não publicado	—	—	—
Petroleum CokeThe solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium…	não publicado	—	—	—
PeatHalf-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a…	17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	13,000,000	Finland15% da produção mundial†	80%

Prateleira 07 · 35 materiais

Minerais Industriais

Rochas não metálicas e sais utilizados às toneladas: cimento, vidro, produtos químicos, abrasivos.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
CementPowdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue…	3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production	—	China45% da produção mundial†	21%
SaltSodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda…	270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	China21% da produção mundial†	31%
Soda AshSodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost…	19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded	25,000,000	—	—
Fluorspar críticoCalcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —…	10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	330,000	China60% da produção mundial	100%
Barite críticoA very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow…	8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India34% da produção mundial	75%
Boron críticoAn element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and…	não publicado	—	Turkeyparticipação retida	—
HeliumThe only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light…	190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production	—	United States43% da produção mundial†	—
Silicon Carbide & AbrasivesMan-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral…	não publicado	—	—	—
SulfurA yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric…	84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms	—	China23% da produção mundial†	—
LimeLimestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and…	420,000thousand metric tons · Production	—	China74% da produção mundial†	—
Construction Sand & GravelThe most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.	não publicado	—	—	—
GypsumA soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the…	160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States12% da produção mundial†	—
Diamond (Industrial)Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug…	38.00million carats · Mine production	1,700	Russia42% da produção mundial†	—
ClaysSoft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded	—	—	—
MicaA mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat…	não publicado	—	—	—
Talc & PyrophylliteThe softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics…	6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Korea, Republic of4% da produção mundial†	—
PerliteA volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to…	4,600thousand metric tons · Production	—	China33% da produção mundial†	23%
DiatomiteRock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on…	2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States29% da produção mundial†	—
VermiculiteA mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and…	460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	South Africa35% da produção mundial†	25%
Industrial Sand & GravelSand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for…	430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States28% da produção mundial†	—
Magnesium CompoundsMagnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive…	21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	7,800,000	—	59%
Iron Oxide PigmentsRust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since…	não publicado	—	—	—
ArgonAlmost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from…	não publicado	—	—	—
IodineA purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate…	34,000metric tons · Mine production	6,300,000	—	50%
BromineThe only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.	430,000metric tons · Production	—	—	25%
StrontiumA soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it.	450,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Iran56% da produção mundial†	100%
Feldspar & Nepheline SyeniteThe most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt…	31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India19% da produção mundial†	95%
Garnet (Industrial)A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in…	730,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Australia48% da produção mundial†	71%
Zeolites (Natural)Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else…	1,300,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Slovakia22% da produção mundial†	—
Kyanite & Related MineralsBlue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone…	não publicado	—	—	—
Pumice & PumiciteVolcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Turkey48% da produção mundial†	—
Crushed StoneRock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest…	não publicado	—	—	—
Dimension StoneRock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold…	não publicado	—	—	85%
WollastoniteA needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards…	860,000metric tons · Mine production	—	—	—
AsbestosA group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung…	960,000metric tons · Mine production	150,000,000	Russia32% da produção mundial†	100%

Prateleira 08 · 5 materiais

Materiais Nucleares

Combustível, moderadores e blindagem para a fissão — e os metais que uma máquina de fusão necessitaria.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder
UraniumA heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million…	não publicado	—	—
ThoriumA weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into…	não publicado	—	—
Zirconium críticoA metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and…	1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight)	70,000	Australia33% da produção mundial†
Hafnium críticoZirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and…	não publicado	—	—
Beryllium críticoA very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.	430.0metric tons · Mine production	—	United States53% da produção mundial

Prateleira 09 · 10 materiais

Metais preciosos

Ouro, prata e o grupo da platina — moeda, catalisadores e contactos.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Platinum-Group Metals críticoSix metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together…	não publicado	76,000,000	—	—
Silver críticoThe best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer…	26,000metric tons · Mine production	610,000	Mexico24% da produção mundial	77%
GoldThe metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why…	3,300metric tons · Mine production	66,000	China12% da produção mundial†	—
Platinum críticoA dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them.	170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded	—	South Africa71% da produção mundial	89%
Palladium críticoPlatinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than…	190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded	—	Russia44% da produção mundial	57%
Rhodium críticoThe rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only…	não publicado	—	—	—
Iridium críticoThe most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about…	não publicado	—	—	—
Ruthenium críticoA hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip…	não publicado	—	—	—
OsmiumThe densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined…	não publicado	—	—	—
GemstonesMinerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity…	69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production	2,000,000	Russia30% da produção mundial†	99%

Prateleira 10 · 11 materiais

Materiais para Semicondutores

Os elementos e compostos de elevada pureza com que os chips são crescidos, dopados e ligados.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Silicon críticoThe second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one…	5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon	China87% da produção mundial	—
Gallium críticoA silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast…	900,000kilograms · Primary production	China100% da produção mundial	100%
Germanium críticoThe element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and…	não publicado	Chinaparticipação não publicada	50%
Indium críticoA soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring…	1,100metric tons · Refinery production	China69% da produção mundial	100%
Tellurium críticoA brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank…	1,000metric tons · Refinery production	China80% da produção mundial	25%
Arsenic críticoFamous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind…	61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight)	Peru49% da produção mundial	100%
High-Purity QuartzQuartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal…	não publicado	—	—
NeonA noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny…	800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States14% da produção mundial†	52%
KryptonA rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is…	110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% da produção mundial†	93%
XenonThe rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest…	12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% da produção mundial†	98%
ThalliumA soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts.	não publicado	—	—

Prateleira 11 · 13 materiais

Aço e metais de liga

O ferro e a dúzia de elementos que o transformam em milhares de aços diferentes.

Material	Produção mundial 2025	Reservas mundiais	Produtor líder	Importado pelos EUA
Iron OreRust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage…	2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded	87,000	—	—
Iron & SteelIron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet.	360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons,	—	—	—
Chromium críticoThe element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel…	51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	540,000	South Africa45% da produção mundial	79%
MolybdenumA silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure.	260,000metric tons · Mine production	17,000	China37% da produção mundial†	—
Vanadium críticoA metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000	China75% da produção mundial	41%
Zinc críticoThe metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes…	13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	240,000	China32% da produção mundial	—
Tin críticoA soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	6,000,000	China24% da produção mundial	—
Lead críticoA soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is…	4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	95,000	China42% da produção mundial	—
Magnesium Metal críticoThe lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that…	1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China86% da produção mundial†	75%
CadmiumA toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels…	23,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China41% da produção mundial†	25%
SeleniumAn element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in…	3,800metric tons · Refinery production	—	China53% da produção mundial†	50%
MercuryThe only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated…	210.0metric tons · Mine production	—	China95% da produção mundial†	—
Iron & Steel ScrapOld steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by…	não publicado	—	—	—

Prateleira 12 · 25 materiais

Wood & Forest Products

The only structural material that grows back - what it is, where it is standing, how it is cut and graded, and who buys it.

Material	Produção mundial	Produtor líder
Standing TimberThe wood that is still a tree. Every board, panel and sheet of paper on the site starts here…	não publicado	—
Industrial RoundwoodLogs. The tree after felling and before anything has been done to it except cutting it to…	não publicado	—
Softwood LumberSawn boards from coniferous trees - the 2x4s and joists that most of the world's houses are…	não publicado	—
Hardwood LumberSawn boards from broadleaved trees - what furniture, flooring, cabinets and barrels are made of.	não publicado	—
Wood-Based PanelsSheets made by gluing wood back together - veneers, chips, strands or fibres pressed into a…	não publicado	—
PlywoodThin layers of wood peeled from a log and glued in a stack with the grain crossed at right…	não publicado	—
Oriented Strand BoardA structural panel made from long wood strands laid in layers and pressed - the cheaper…	não publicado	—
Mass TimberStructural timber built up from smaller pieces into beams, columns and whole floor slabs big…	não publicado	—
Wood PulpWood reduced to its individual fibres, by cooking or by grinding, ready to be made into paper…	não publicado	—
Wood PelletsSawdust and shavings dried and squeezed into uniform cylinders that can be handled, shipped and…	não publicado	—
Wood FuelWood cut to be burned - firewood and the charcoal made from it. Still the largest single use of…	não publicado	—
Recovered WoodWood collected after use - pallets, crates, demolition timber and furniture - and sent back…	não publicado	—
Southern Yellow PineA fast-grown, dense, strong southern US pine - the workhorse of American framing and the only…	não publicado	—
Douglas FirNot a true fir. The strongest and stiffest softwood in wide structural use, and the species…	não publicado	—
Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF)A marketing group, not a species: several interchangeable northern softwoods graded and sold…	não publicado	—
Hem-FirWestern hemlock sold together with the true firs that grow alongside it, as a single graded…	não publicado	—
Western Red CedarA light, soft, aromatic softwood whose heartwood resists decay without any treatment at all.	não publicado	—
Radiata PineA Californian pine with a tiny natural range that became the most widely planted plantation…	não publicado	—
White OakA dense, pale hardwood whose closed cell structure makes it watertight - which is why barrels…	não publicado	—
Red OakThe volume hardwood of North America: strong, open-pored, pinkish, and sawn in greater quantity…	não publicado	—
Hard MapleA very hard, pale, fine-grained hardwood that takes heavy wear without denting - the standard…	não publicado	—
Black WalnutThe dark, strong, dimensionally stable hardwood that American furniture and gunstocks are made…	não publicado	—
Yellow PoplarA fast-growing, light, straight-grained American hardwood - neither a poplar nor yellow in the…	não publicado	—
TeakA tropical hardwood whose natural oils make it hold up outdoors and against saltwater better…	não publicado	—
EucalyptusThe fastest-growing hardwood planted at scale, harvested on rotations as short as six or seven…	não publicado	—

† Calculado a partir da tabela de produção do USGS: a produção do principal país dividida pelo total mundial. Quando o USGS publica diretamente a participação, esse valor é exibido em seu lugar.

Fotografias desta página · 159

Azurite-malachite-specimen.jpg Mineral specimen featuring azurite, mala… · Δανάη Κωτσιομύτη · CC BY-SA 4.0
Elementares Neodym.jpg · Tobias Meints · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Iron and slag tapping from a blast furnace tap hole — Випуск продуктів … · Blast furnace chip worker · CC BY-SA 3.0
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2024 Artsy Niobium Cavity - Flickr - Jefferson Lab.jpg · Jefferson Lab from Newport News, USA · Public domain
Polymer Tantalum Capacitor Cross Section.jpg · TubeTimeUS · CC BY-SA 4.0
Rhenium metal.jpg · Keresluna · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Rb5.JPG · Dnn87 · CC BY 3.0
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Eliminating a minor ammonia leak at the nitrogen fertilizer plant - pan… · Tseno Tanev (цено та… · CC BY-SA 3.0
Spodumene Nuristan Créer le cristal.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
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Trona - USGS Mineral Specimens 1116.jpg · Andrew Silver · Public domain
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ISS Magnet.jpg · Ordan, Julien Marius · CC BY 4.0
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US Navy 090715-N-5821P-002 Aviation Support Equipment Technician Airman… · U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialis… · Public domain
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Celestine from Madagascar in the Mineral Museum of Siófok.jpg · Szilas · Public domain
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Garnet - Spessartine crystal detail.jpg · ButtShark · CC0
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Ru metal 1g.JPG · Leiem · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Dysprosium (Element - 66) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
Terbium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Samarium shards.jpg · brainandforce · CC0
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PET-schema.png · Jens Maus ( https://jens-maus.de/ ) · Public domain
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Tellurium crystals.jpg · Hi-Res Images of Chemical Elements · CC BY 3.0
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Hematite (iron ore) (weathered zone in the Biwabik Iron-Formation, Whit… · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
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