Tất cả · 121
Nguyên tố đất hiếm · 18Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng · 10Khoáng sản nông nghiệp · 3Vật liệu pin · 5Vật liệu đồng & điện · 4Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng · 7Khoáng vật công nghiệp · 35Vật liệu hạt nhân · 5Kim loại quý · 10Vật liệu bán dẫn · 11Thép & Kim loại hợp kim · 13
Khoáng sản chiến lược · 63Chiến lược · 36Chỉ sản phẩm phụ · 27Chuyển đổi năng lượng · 26Xây dựng · 25Quốc phòng · 24Chuỗi chip · 17Có thể tái chế ở quy mô lớn · 8Chuỗi nam châm · 8Chuỗi thực phẩm · 6Chuỗi lưới điện · 2
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121 vật liệu được hiển thị. Sản lượng và trữ lượng là USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · Ước tính năm 2025, kim loại chứa hoặc khối lượng thô theo định nghĩa của nguồn cho từng hàng hóa · nguồn ↗
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| Vật liệu | Thềm | Sản lượng thế giới 2025 | Trữ lượng thế giới | Nhà sản xuất hàng đầu | Hoa Kỳ đã nhập khẩu | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alumina thiết yếu A fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium… | Vật liệu đồng & điện | 150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production | — | — | 71% | |
| Aluminium thiết yếu A light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —… | Vật liệu đồng & điện | 74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production | — | — | 60% | Al |
| Antimony thiết yếu A brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 110,000metric tons · Mine production | 2,000,000 | China — 36% of world production | — | Sb |
| Argon Almost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Ar |
| Arsenic thiết yếu Famous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight) | — | Peru — 49% of world production | 100% | As |
| Asbestos A group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 960,000metric tons · Mine production | 150,000,000 | — | 100% | |
| Barite thiết yếu A very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | India — 34% of world production | 75% | |
| Bauxite thiết yếu A reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and… | Vật liệu đồng & điện | 440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production | 29,000,000 | — | 75% | |
| Beryllium thiết yếu A very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust. | Vật liệu hạt nhân | 430.0metric tons · Mine production | — | United States — 53% of world production | — | Be |
| Bismuth thiết yếu A heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 16,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 88% of world production | 92% | Bi |
| Boron thiết yếu An element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | Turkey — W% of world production | — | B |
| Bromine The only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water. | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 430,000metric tons · Production | — | — | 25% | Br |
| Cadmium A toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 23,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | — | 25% | Cd |
| Caesium thiết yếu The softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second. | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | chưa được công bố | — | — | 100% | Cs |
| Cement Powdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production | — | — | 21% | |
| Cerium thiết yếu The most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Ce |
| Chromium thiết yếu The element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 540,000 | South Africa — 45% of world production | 79% | Cr |
| Clays Soft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded | — | — | — | |
| Cobalt thiết yếu A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that… | Vật liệu pin | 310,000metric tons · Mine production | 12,000,000 | Congo (Kinshasa) — 74% of world production | 79% | Co |
| Construction Sand & Gravel The most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining. | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Copper thiết yếu The reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans… | Vật liệu đồng & điện | 23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 980,000 | Chile — 23% of world production | — | Cu |
| Crude Oil Ancient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Crushed Stone Rock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Diamond (Industrial) Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 38.00million carats · Mine production | 1,700 | — | — | |
| Diatomite Rock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Dimension Stone Rock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | 85% | |
| Dysprosium thiết yếu A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot. | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Dy |
| Erbium thiết yếu The rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Er |
| Europium thiết yếu The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Eu |
| Feldspar & Nepheline Syenite The most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 95% | |
| Fluorspar thiết yếu Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 330,000 | China — 60% of world production | 100% | |
| Gadolinium thiết yếu A rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Gd |
| Gallium thiết yếu A silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 900,000kilograms · Primary production | — | China — 100% of world production | 100% | Ga |
| Garnet (Industrial) A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 730,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 71% | |
| Gemstones Minerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity… | Kim loại quý | 69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production | 2,000,000 | — | 99% | |
| Germanium thiết yếu The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | chưa được công bố | — | China — NA% of world production | 50% | Ge |
| Gold The metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why… | Kim loại quý | 3,300metric tons · Mine production | 66,000 | — | — | Au |
| Graphite thiết yếu Pure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that… | Vật liệu pin | 1,800,000metric tons · Mine production | 310,000,000 | China — 78% of world production | 100% | C |
| Gypsum A soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Hafnium thiết yếu Zirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and… | Vật liệu hạt nhân | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Hf |
| Helium The only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production | — | — | — | He |
| High-Purity Quartz Quartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Holmium thiết yếu The rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Ho |
| Indium thiết yếu A soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 1,100metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 69% of world production | 100% | In |
| Industrial Sand & Gravel Sand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Iodine A purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 34,000metric tons · Mine production | 6,300,000 | — | 50% | I |
| Iridium thiết yếu The most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about… | Kim loại quý | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Ir |
| Iron & Steel Iron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet. | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons, | — | — | — | |
| Iron & Steel Scrap Old steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Iron Ore Rust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded | 87,000 | — | — | Fe |
| Iron Oxide Pigments Rust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Krypton A rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 93% | Kr |
| Kyanite & Related Minerals Blue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Lanthanum thiết yếu The first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | La |
| Lead thiết yếu A soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production | 95,000 | China — 42% of world production | — | Pb |
| Lime Limestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 420,000thousand metric tons · Production | — | — | — | |
| Lithium thiết yếu A soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable… | Vật liệu pin | 290,000metric tons · Mine production | 37,000,000 | Australia — 32% of world production | 50% | Li |
| Lutetium thiết yếu The last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Lu |
| Magnesium Compounds Magnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 7,800,000 | — | 59% | |
| Magnesium Metal thiết yếu The lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production | — | — | 75% | Mg |
| Manganese thiết yếu A brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch… | Vật liệu pin | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 1,700,000 | South Africa — 37% of world production | 100% | Mn |
| Mercury The only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 210.0metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | Hg |
| Metallurgical Coal Coal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Mica A mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Molybdenum A silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure. | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 260,000metric tons · Mine production | 17,000 | — | — | Mo |
| Natural Gas Mostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Neodymium thiết yếu The rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Nd |
| Neon A noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 52% | Ne |
| Nickel thiết yếu A silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more… | Vật liệu pin | 3,900,000metric tons · Mine production | 140,000,000 | Indonesia — 67% of world production | 41% | Ni |
| Niobium thiết yếu A metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 112,000metric tons · Mine production | 21,000,000 | — | 100% | Nb |
| Nitrogen (Ammonia) Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that… | Khoáng sản nông nghiệp | 160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production | — | — | — | N |
| Oil Sands & Bitumen Sand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Osmium The densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined… | Kim loại quý | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Os |
| Palladium thiết yếu Platinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than… | Kim loại quý | 190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded | — | Russia — 44% of world production | 57% | Pd |
| Peat Half-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | 17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 13,000,000 | — | 80% | |
| Perlite A volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 4,600thousand metric tons · Production | — | — | 23% | |
| Petroleum Coke The solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Phosphate Rock thiết yếu Rock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries… | Khoáng sản nông nghiệp | 250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 73,000,000 | China — 44% of world production | — | P |
| Platinum thiết yếu A dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them. | Kim loại quý | 170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded | — | South Africa — 71% of world production | 89% | Pt |
| Platinum-Group Metals thiết yếu Six metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together… | Kim loại quý | chưa được công bố | 76,000,000 | — | — | |
| Potash thiết yếu Potassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need… | Khoáng sản nông nghiệp | 49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 10,000,000 | Canada — 31% of world production | 92% | K |
| Praseodymium thiết yếu Neodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Pr |
| Promethium The one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Pm |
| Pumice & Pumicite Volcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Rare Earths (all) thiết yếu A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | 390,000metric tons · Mine production | 85,000,000 | — | — | |
| Rhenium thiết yếu One of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 81,000kilograms · Mine production | — | Chile — 37% of world production | 75% | Re |
| Rhodium thiết yếu The rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only… | Kim loại quý | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Rh |
| Rubidium thiết yếu Caesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | chưa được công bố | — | — | 100% | Rb |
| Ruthenium thiết yếu A hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip… | Kim loại quý | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Ru |
| Salt Sodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 31% | |
| Samarium thiết yếu The rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Sm |
| Scandium thiết yếu A light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | 80.00metric tons · global production | — | China — NA% of world production | 100% | Sc |
| Selenium An element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 3,800metric tons · Refinery production | — | — | 50% | Se |
| Silicon thiết yếu The second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon | — | China — 87% of world production | — | Si |
| Silicon Carbide & Abrasives Man-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Silver thiết yếu The best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer… | Kim loại quý | 26,000metric tons · Mine production | 610,000 | Mexico — 24% of world production | 77% | Ag |
| Soda Ash Sodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded | 25,000,000 | — | — | |
| Strontium A soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it. | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 450,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 100% | Sr |
| Sulfur A yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms | — | — | — | S |
| Talc & Pyrophyllite The softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Tantalum thiết yếu A dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 2,500metric tons · Mine production | — | Congo (Kinshasa) — 52% of world production | 100% | Ta |
| Tellurium thiết yếu A brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 1,000metric tons · Refinery production | — | China — 80% of world production | 25% | Te |
| Terbium thiết yếu The scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Tb |
| Thallium A soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts. | Vật liệu bán dẫn | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Tl |
| Thermal Coal Coal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the… | Nguyên liệu thô năng lượng | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | |
| Thorium A weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into… | Vật liệu hạt nhân | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Th |
| Thulium thiết yếu The least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers. | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Tm |
| Tin thiết yếu A soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 290,000metric tons · Mine production | 6,000,000 | China — 24% of world production | — | Sn |
| Titanium thiết yếu A metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production | — | — | — | Ti |
| Titanium Mineral Concentrates thiết yếu Black beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded | 490,000 | — | 88% | |
| Tungsten thiết yếu The metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it… | Vật liệu hàng không vũ trụ & quốc phòng | 85,000metric tons · Mine production | 4,700,000 | China — 79% of world production | 50% | W |
| Uranium A heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million… | Vật liệu hạt nhân | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | U |
| Vanadium thiết yếu A metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 110,000metric tons · Mine production | 21,000 | China — 75% of world production | 41% | V |
| Vermiculite A mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production | — | — | 25% | |
| Wollastonite A needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 860,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Xenon The rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest… | Vật liệu bán dẫn | 12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters) | — | — | 98% | Xe |
| Ytterbium thiết yếu A rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | chưa được công bố | — | — | — | Yb |
| Yttrium thiết yếu Counted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves… | Nguyên tố đất hiếm | 12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates | — | China — NA% of world production | 100% | Y |
| Zeolites (Natural) Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else… | Khoáng vật công nghiệp | 1,300,000metric tons · Mine production | — | — | — | |
| Zinc thiết yếu The metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes… | Thép & Kim loại hợp kim | 13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production | 240,000 | China — 32% of world production | — | Zn |
| Zirconium thiết yếu A metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and… | Vật liệu hạt nhân | 1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight) | 70,000 | — | — | Zr |
Duyệt theo hình ảnh
Alumina
A fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium metal.
Aluminium
A light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite — which is why people call…
Antimony
A brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer rounds of ammunition.
Argon
Almost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from hot metal.
Arsenic
Famous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind high-frequency radio…
Asbestos
A group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung disease decades after…
Barite
A very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow out.
Bauxite
A reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and the only ore aluminium…
Beryllium
A very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.
Bismuth
A heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders, plumbing brass and stomach…
Boron
An element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and neodymium — the strongest…
Bromine
The only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.
Cadmium
A toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels rather than in the batteries…
Caesium
The softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.
Cement
Powdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue that holds concrete…
Cerium
The most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a polishing powder and in…
Chromium
The element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel grows an invisible film that…
Clays
Soft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which is why it can be shaped…
Cobalt
A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that holds its strength when…
Construction Sand & Gravel
The most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.
Copper
The reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans have been smelting for…
Crude Oil
Ancient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries more energy per litre than…
Crushed Stone
Rock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest tonnage humans move.
Diamond (Industrial)
Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug out of the ground.
Diatomite
Rock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on water.
Dimension Stone
Rock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold for what it looks like.
Dysprosium
A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.
Erbium
The rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back into electricity.
Europium
The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in every colour television.
Feldspar & Nepheline Syenite
The most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt at a workable…
Fluorspar
Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from — including the fluorine in…
Gadolinium
A rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier to read.
Gallium
A silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast chargers, radar and LEDs.
Garnet (Industrial)
A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in waterjet cutting and…
Gemstones
Minerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity rather than on tonnage.
Germanium
The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and fibre-optic glass.