Commodity Education

全部 · 146 稀土元素 · 18 航空航天与国防材料 · 10 农业矿物 · 3 电池材料 · 5 铜与电气材料 · 4 能源原材料 · 7 工业矿物 · 35 核材料 · 5 贵金属 · 10 半导体材料 · 11 钢铁与合金金属 · 13 Wood & Forest Products · 25

关键矿产 · 63 战略性 · 36 建筑 · 35 仅作为副产品 · 27 能源转型 · 26 国防 · 24 芯片供应链 · 17 Forest Product · 12 可规模化回收 · 9 磁体供应链 · 8 Hardwood · 8 Softwood · 7 Renewable · 6 食品供应链 · 6 Engineered Wood · 4 电网供应链 · 2

排序: 大陆架名称全球产量储量美国进口依存度完整筛选器 → 元素周期表 →

146 materials shown. Figures are from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · as each source defines it for each commodity · 来源 ↗

横向滚动表格以查看其余列。

大陆架 01 · 18 材料

稀土元素

十七种化学性质相近的元素，可制备最强磁铁和最亮荧光粉。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Rare Earths (all) 关键A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate…	390,000metric tons · Mine production	85,000,000	China69% 全球产量占比†	—
Neodymium 关键The rare earth at the heart of the strongest magnet ever made — the kind in headphones, hard…	未公布	—	—	—
Praseodymium 关键Neodymium's near-twin, so alike that magnet makers usually do not bother separating the two and…	未公布	—	—	—
Dysprosium 关键A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.	未公布	—	—	—
Terbium 关键The scarcest of the four magnet rare earths, used in tiny quantities to make a magnet survive…	未公布	—	—	—
Lanthanum 关键The first of the rare earths, used by the tonne in the catalysts that crack crude oil into…	未公布	—	—	—
Cerium 关键The most abundant rare earth — more common in the crust than copper — mostly used as a…	未公布	—	—	—
Samarium 关键The rare earth in the magnet that works where neodymium cannot: very hot, or very cold, or in a…	未公布	—	—	—
Europium 关键The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in…	未公布	—	—	—
Gadolinium 关键A rare earth that absorbs neutrons better than almost anything, and that makes MRI scans easier…	未公布	—	—	—
Yttrium 关键Counted as a rare earth even though it sits elsewhere on the periodic table, because it behaves…	12,500metric tons · mine production of Y2O3 equivalent contained in rare-earth mineral concentrates	—	China占比未公布	100%
Scandium 关键A light metal that makes aluminium dramatically stronger and weldable — and which is produced…	80.00metric tons · global production	—	China占比未公布	100%
Holmium 关键The rare earth with the strongest magnetic moment of any element, used in the pole pieces of…	未公布	—	—	—
Erbium 关键The rare earth that amplifies light inside a fibre-optic cable without ever turning it back…	未公布	—	—	—
Thulium 关键The least abundant stable rare earth, used in portable X-ray sources and in surgical lasers.	未公布	—	—	—
Ytterbium 关键A rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most…	未公布	—	—	—
Lutetium 关键The last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET…	未公布	—	—	—
PromethiumThe one rare earth with no stable form at all — every atom of it is radioactive and decays…	未公布	—	—	—

大陆架 02 · 10 材料

航空航天与国防材料

以高温强度或阻挡性能为选材依据的金属。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Titanium 关键A metal as strong as steel at about half the weight, which does not corrode in seawater or in…	370,000metric tons · Titanium sponge metal production	—	China70% 全球产量占比†	—
Titanium Mineral Concentrates 关键Black beach sand — ilmenite and rutile — that is the starting point both for titanium metal and…	9,400thousand metric tons · Mine production: ilmenite, rounded	490,000	—	88%
Tungsten 关键The metal with the highest melting point of them all — you can heat it to 3,400 C before it…	85,000metric tons · Mine production	4,700,000	China79% 全球产量占比	50%
Niobium 关键A metal that makes steel much stronger when added in tiny amounts — a few hundred grams per…	112,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000,000	Brazil93% 全球产量占比†	100%
Tantalum 关键A dense metal whose oxide layer stores charge extremely reliably, which is why it is in the…	2,500metric tons · Mine production	—	Congo (Kinshasa)52% 全球产量占比	100%
Rhenium 关键One of the rarest metals in the crust, recovered from molybdenum roasting, and the ingredient…	81,000kilograms · Mine production	—	Chile37% 全球产量占比	75%
Antimony 关键A brittle, silvery metalloid used mostly to stop things burning, and in the primers and tracer…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	2,000,000	China36% 全球产量占比	—
Bismuth 关键A heavy metal that is, unusually, not very toxic — which is why it replaces lead in solders…	16,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China88% 全球产量占比	92%
Caesium 关键The softest metal, liquid on a warm day, and the element that defines the second.	未公布	—	—	100%
Rubidium 关键Caesium's cheaper neighbour, recovered from the same rare deposits, and the basis of the atomic…	未公布	—	—	100%

大陆架 03 · 3 材料

农业矿物

为农作物提供养分的矿物质——进而养活人类。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Phosphate Rock 关键Rock full of the element phosphorus — the P in fertiliser, and now the P in the LFP batteries…	250,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	73,000,000	China44% 全球产量占比	—
Potash 关键Potassium salts mined from ancient dried-up seas — the K in NPK fertiliser, which plants need…	49,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	10,000,000	Canada31% 全球产量占比	92%
Nitrogen (Ammonia)Nitrogen pulled out of the air and joined to hydrogen under pressure — the invention that…	160,000thousand metric tons · Plant production	—	China31% 全球产量占比†	—

大陆架 04 · 5 材料

电池材料

可充电电池的内部构造——及其外部连接。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Lithium 关键A soft, silvery metal so light it floats on water, and the element that lets a rechargeable…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	37,000,000	Australia32% 全球产量占比	50%
Cobalt 关键A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that…	310,000metric tons · Mine production	12,000,000	Congo (Kinshasa)74% 全球产量占比	79%
Nickel 关键A silvery metal that resists rust, which is why it goes into stainless steel — and, more…	3,900,000metric tons · Mine production	140,000,000	Indonesia67% 全球产量占比	41%
Graphite 关键Pure carbon in soft, slippery sheets — the same stuff as pencil lead — and the material that…	1,800,000metric tons · Mine production	310,000,000	China78% 全球产量占比	100%
Manganese 关键A brittle grey metal that steel cannot be made without, and that is now being used to stretch…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	1,700,000	South Africa37% 全球产量占比	100%

大陆架 05 · 4 材料

铜与电气材料

从室内电线到国家电网，承载电流的各类金属。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Copper 关键The reddish metal that carries electricity better than anything except silver, and which humans…	23,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	980,000	Chile23% 全球产量占比	—
Aluminium 关键A light silvery metal made by passing an enormous electric current through dissolved bauxite —…	74,000thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China61% 全球产量占比†	60%
Bauxite 关键A reddish soil-like rock, formed where tropical rain has rotted rock for millions of years, and…	440,000thousand metric dry tons · Bauxite, mine production	29,000,000	—	75%
Alumina 关键A fine white powder of aluminium oxide, the halfway product between bauxite rock and aluminium…	150,000thousand metric dry tons · Alumina, refinery production	—	China62% 全球产量占比†	71%

大陆架 06 · 7 材料

能源原材料

经济体仍在燃烧的碳质与气体燃料，及其赋存岩层。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Crude OilAncient marine plankton, cooked underground for millions of years into a liquid that carries…	未公布	—	—	—
Oil Sands & BitumenSand soaked in oil so thick it will not flow — it has to be mined like ore or heated…	未公布	—	—	—
Natural GasMostly methane, the lightest hydrocarbon, and the source of nearly all the hydrogen used by…	未公布	—	—	—
Metallurgical CoalCoal of the specific quality that, when baked without air, turns into coke — the hard carbon…	未公布	—	—	—
Thermal CoalCoal burned to make steam and therefore electricity — still, despite everything, one of the…	未公布	—	—	—
Petroleum CokeThe solid carbon left at the bottom of an oil refinery, and the raw material for both aluminium…	未公布	—	—	—
PeatHalf-rotted plant matter from waterlogged bogs — the first stage on the road from a swamp to a…	17,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	13,000,000	Finland15% 全球产量占比†	80%

大陆架 07 · 35 材料

工业矿物

按吨计量使用的非金属岩石与盐类：水泥、玻璃、化工原料、磨料。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
CementPowdered limestone and clay cooked at 1,450 C, which sets hard when mixed with water — the glue…	3,800,000thousand metric tons · Cement production	—	China45% 全球产量占比†	21%
SaltSodium chloride — the seasoning on a table, and the feedstock for the chlorine and caustic soda…	270,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	China21% 全球产量占比†	31%
Soda AshSodium carbonate, mined from trona rock or made from salt, and the second ingredient in almost…	19,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: natural, rounded	25,000,000	—	—
Fluorspar 关键Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from —…	10,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	330,000	China60% 全球产量占比	100%
Barite 关键A very heavy, soft mineral used mostly to weigh down drilling mud so an oil well does not blow…	8,700thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India34% 全球产量占比	75%
Boron 关键An element that makes glass resist thermal shock, fibreglass strong, and — with iron and…	未公布	—	Turkey占比已保密	—
HeliumThe only element cold enough to keep an MRI magnet superconducting, and the only one light…	190.0million cubic meters · Helium Production	—	United States43% 全球产量占比†	—
Silicon Carbide & AbrasivesMan-made grit — silicon carbide and fused alumina — harder than almost every natural mineral…	未公布	—	—	—
SulfurA yellow element stripped out of oil and gas to stop it polluting, then turned into sulfuric…	84,000thousand metric tons · Production, all forms	—	China23% 全球产量占比†	—
LimeLimestone burned until it becomes quicklime — a chemical used to purify steel, treat water and…	420,000thousand metric tons · Production	—	China74% 全球产量占比†	—
Construction Sand & GravelThe most-mined material on Earth by weight, and the one nobody thinks of as mining.	未公布	—	—	—
GypsumA soft white rock that becomes plasterboard — the interior surface of most buildings in the…	160,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States12% 全球产量占比†	—
Diamond (Industrial)Diamond used not as a gem but as a cutting edge — most of it grown in a press rather than dug…	38.00million carats · Mine production	1,700	Russia42% 全球产量占比†	—
ClaysSoft, fine-grained rock made of microscopic plates that slide over each other when wet — which…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Bentonite, rounded	—	—	—
MicaA mineral that splits into sheets so thin you can see through them, and that resists both heat…	未公布	—	—	—
Talc & PyrophylliteThe softest mineral there is — a fingernail scratches it — used as a filler that makes plastics…	6,900thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Korea, Republic of4% 全球产量占比†	—
PerliteA volcanic glass with water trapped inside it that pops like popcorn when heated, expanding to…	4,600thousand metric tons · Production	—	China33% 全球产量占比†	23%
DiatomiteRock made from the glass skeletons of microscopic algae, so porous that a lump of it floats on…	2,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States29% 全球产量占比†	—
VermiculiteA mica-like mineral that unfolds into a concertina when heated, becoming light, fireproof and…	460.0thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	South Africa35% 全球产量占比†	25%
Industrial Sand & GravelSand selected for what it is made of rather than what size it is — nearly pure quartz, for…	430,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	United States28% 全球产量占比†	—
Magnesium CompoundsMagnesia and its relatives, made from magnesite rock or extracted from seawater, which survive…	21,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	7,800,000	—	59%
Iron Oxide PigmentsRust, refined — the reds, yellows, browns and blacks that have coloured paint and pottery since…	未公布	—	—	—
ArgonAlmost one percent of the air you are breathing, and the cheapest way to keep oxygen away from…	未公布	—	—	—
IodineA purple-black element that turns straight from solid to vapour, extracted from ancient nitrate…	34,000metric tons · Mine production	6,300,000	—	50%
BromineThe only non-metal that is liquid at room temperature, pulled out of very salty water.	430,000metric tons · Production	—	—	25%
StrontiumA soft metal whose salts burn bright red, which is why every red firework contains it.	450,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Iran56% 全球产量占比†	100%
Feldspar & Nepheline SyeniteThe most abundant mineral group in the crust, used as the flux that lets glass and ceramic melt…	31,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	India19% 全球产量占比†	95%
Garnet (Industrial)A hard, sharp-edged mineral more familiar as a gemstone, used industrially as the grit in…	730,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Australia48% 全球产量占比†	71%
Zeolites (Natural)Minerals full of molecule-sized cages that trap specific ions and gases and let everything else…	1,300,000metric tons · Mine production	—	Slovakia22% 全球产量占比†	—
Kyanite & Related MineralsBlue-bladed crystals that expand rather than shrink when fired, which makes them the backbone…	未公布	—	—	—
Pumice & PumiciteVolcanic froth — rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats — quarried for lightweight concrete…	20,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	—	Turkey48% 全球产量占比†	—
Crushed StoneRock blasted and broken to size — limestone, granite, trap rock — and, with sand, the largest…	未公布	—	—	—
Dimension StoneRock cut into blocks and slabs rather than crushed — granite, marble, limestone, slate — sold…	未公布	—	—	85%
WollastoniteA needle-shaped white mineral used as a safe replacement for asbestos fibre in brakes, boards…	860,000metric tons · Mine production	—	—	—
AsbestosA group of naturally fibrous minerals that are strong, fireproof, cheap — and cause fatal lung…	960,000metric tons · Mine production	150,000,000	Russia32% 全球产量占比†	100%

大陆架 08 · 5 材料

核材料

裂变堆所需的燃料、慢化剂与屏蔽材料——以及聚变装置所需的金属。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国
UraniumA heavy, faintly radioactive metal whose nucleus can be split, releasing about two million…	未公布	—	—
ThoriumA weakly radioactive metal three to four times more common than uranium, which can be bred into…	未公布	—	—
Zirconium 关键A metal that barely absorbs neutrons, which is why nuclear fuel rods are wrapped in it, and…	1,200thousand metric tons · Zirconium mineral concentrates, mine production (thousand metric tons, gross weight)	70,000	Australia33% 全球产量占比†
Hafnium 关键Zirconium's chemical shadow — always found with it, almost impossible to separate from it, and…	未公布	—	—
Beryllium 关键A very light, very stiff metal that is transparent to X-rays and dangerous to breathe as dust.	430.0metric tons · Mine production	—	United States53% 全球产量占比

大陆架 09 · 10 材料

贵金属

黄金、白银及铂族金属——货币、催化剂与触点材料。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Platinum-Group Metals 关键Six metals — platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium — that occur together…	未公布	76,000,000	—	—
Silver 关键The best electrical conductor there is, and the metal that has been used as money for longer…	26,000metric tons · Mine production	610,000	Mexico24% 全球产量占比	77%
GoldThe metal that does not tarnish, does not corrode and never runs out once mined — which is why…	3,300metric tons · Mine production	66,000	China12% 全球产量占比†	—
Platinum 关键A dense, unreactive metal that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by them.	170,000kilograms · Mine production: Platinum, rounded	—	South Africa71% 全球产量占比	89%
Palladium 关键Platinum's cheaper cousin for most of the twentieth century, then briefly more expensive than…	190,000kilograms · Mine production: Palladium, rounded	—	Russia44% 全球产量占比	57%
Rhodium 关键The rarest of the metals traded in any volume, produced in tens of tonnes a year, and the only…	未公布	—	—	—
Iridium 关键The most corrosion-resistant metal known, and the second densest — a litre of it weighs about…	未公布	—	—	—
Ruthenium 关键A hard platinum-group metal used in tiny quantities inside hard drives and increasingly in chip…	未公布	—	—	—
OsmiumThe densest naturally occurring element, and one of the least used — most of it sits unrefined…	未公布	—	—	—
GemstonesMinerals people want because of how they look — hardness, clarity and colour, priced on rarity…	69,000 thousands of carats · Mine production	2,000,000	Russia30% 全球产量占比†	99%

大陆架 10 · 11 材料

半导体材料

芯片生长、掺杂与布线所用的超纯元素及化合物。

材料	全球产量 2025	主要生产国	美国进口量
Silicon 关键The second-most-common element in the Earth's crust — ordinary sand — purified until only one…	5,000thousand metric tons · Ferrosilicon	China87% 全球产量占比	—
Gallium 关键A silvery metal that melts in your hand, and the basis of the compound semiconductors in fast…	900,000kilograms · Primary production	China100% 全球产量占比	100%
Germanium 关键The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and…	未公布	China占比未公布	50%
Indium 关键A soft metal whose oxide is both transparent and electrically conductive — the invisible wiring…	1,100metric tons · Refinery production	China69% 全球产量占比	100%
Tellurium 关键A brittle, silvery element recovered from the slime at the bottom of a copper refinery tank…	1,000metric tons · Refinery production	China80% 全球产量占比	25%
Arsenic 关键Famous as a poison, but in ultra-pure form it is half of gallium arsenide, the compound behind…	61,000metric tons · Production (arsenic trioxide, gross weight)	Peru49% 全球产量占比	100%
High-Purity QuartzQuartz sand so free of other elements that it can be melted into the crucible a silicon crystal…	未公布	—	—
NeonA noble gas so unreactive it forms no compounds at all, separated out of ordinary air in tiny…	800.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States14% 全球产量占比†	52%
KryptonA rare noble gas, about one part per million of the air, separated only where enough air is…	110.0million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% 全球产量占比†	93%
XenonThe rarest stable gas in the atmosphere — under one part in ten million — and the heaviest…	12.00million liters · Rare gases production, (million liters)	United States1% 全球产量占比†	98%
ThalliumA soft, extremely toxic metal recovered in tiny amounts from smelter dusts.	未公布	—	—

大陆架 11 · 13 材料

钢铁与合金金属

铁及十余种将其炼制成数千种钢材的合金元素。

材料	全球产量 2025	全球储量	主要生产国	美国进口量
Iron OreRust-coloured rock that is roughly one-third to two-thirds iron, and the single largest tonnage…	2,600,000thousand metric tons · Mine production: Usable ore, rounded	87,000	—	—
Iron & SteelIron with a little carbon in it, and the most-produced manufactured material on the planet.	360.0million metric tons · world iron slag production was estimated to be between 330 million and 390 million tons,	—	—	—
Chromium 关键The element that makes stainless steel stainless — at about eleven percent chromium, steel…	51,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	540,000	South Africa45% 全球产量占比	79%
MolybdenumA silvery metal added to steel so it keeps its strength at high temperature and under pressure.	260,000metric tons · Mine production	17,000	China37% 全球产量占比†	—
Vanadium 关键A metal that makes rebar dramatically stronger in tiny doses, and that can also store…	110,000metric tons · Mine production	21,000	China75% 全球产量占比	41%
Zinc 关键The metal that steel is dipped in so it does not rust — a sacrificial coating that corrodes…	13,000thousand metric tons · Mine production	240,000	China32% 全球产量占比	—
Tin 关键A soft metal with a low melting point, which is why nearly every electrical joint in every…	290,000metric tons · Mine production	6,000,000	China24% 全球产量占比	—
Lead 关键A soft, dense, blue-grey metal that blocks radiation and stores charge cheaply — and that is…	4,500thousand metric tons · Mine production	95,000	China42% 全球产量占比	—
Magnesium Metal 关键The lightest structural metal, about a third lighter than aluminium, and the ingredient that…	1,100thousand metric tons · Smelter production	—	China86% 全球产量占比†	75%
CadmiumA toxic soft metal recovered from zinc refining, now used mainly in thin-film solar panels…	23,000metric tons · Refinery production	—	China41% 全球产量占比†	25%
SeleniumAn element recovered from copper refinery slimes, used in glass, in animal feed and in…	3,800metric tons · Refinery production	—	China53% 全球产量占比†	50%
MercuryThe only metal that is liquid at room temperature, and one of the most tightly regulated…	210.0metric tons · Mine production	—	China95% 全球产量占比†	—
Iron & Steel ScrapOld steel collected to be melted into new steel — the largest recycling stream on the planet by…	未公布	—	—	—

大陆架 12 · 25 材料

Wood & Forest Products

The only structural material that grows back - what it is, where it is standing, how it is cut and graded, and who buys it.

材料	全球产量	主要生产国
Standing TimberThe wood that is still a tree. Every board, panel and sheet of paper on the site starts here…	未公布	—
Industrial RoundwoodLogs. The tree after felling and before anything has been done to it except cutting it to…	未公布	—
Softwood LumberSawn boards from coniferous trees - the 2x4s and joists that most of the world's houses are…	未公布	—
Hardwood LumberSawn boards from broadleaved trees - what furniture, flooring, cabinets and barrels are made of.	未公布	—
Wood-Based PanelsSheets made by gluing wood back together - veneers, chips, strands or fibres pressed into a…	未公布	—
PlywoodThin layers of wood peeled from a log and glued in a stack with the grain crossed at right…	未公布	—
Oriented Strand BoardA structural panel made from long wood strands laid in layers and pressed - the cheaper…	未公布	—
Mass TimberStructural timber built up from smaller pieces into beams, columns and whole floor slabs big…	未公布	—
Wood PulpWood reduced to its individual fibres, by cooking or by grinding, ready to be made into paper…	未公布	—
Wood PelletsSawdust and shavings dried and squeezed into uniform cylinders that can be handled, shipped and…	未公布	—
Wood FuelWood cut to be burned - firewood and the charcoal made from it. Still the largest single use of…	未公布	—
Recovered WoodWood collected after use - pallets, crates, demolition timber and furniture - and sent back…	未公布	—
Southern Yellow PineA fast-grown, dense, strong southern US pine - the workhorse of American framing and the only…	未公布	—
Douglas FirNot a true fir. The strongest and stiffest softwood in wide structural use, and the species…	未公布	—
Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF)A marketing group, not a species: several interchangeable northern softwoods graded and sold…	未公布	—
Hem-FirWestern hemlock sold together with the true firs that grow alongside it, as a single graded…	未公布	—
Western Red CedarA light, soft, aromatic softwood whose heartwood resists decay without any treatment at all.	未公布	—
Radiata PineA Californian pine with a tiny natural range that became the most widely planted plantation…	未公布	—
White OakA dense, pale hardwood whose closed cell structure makes it watertight - which is why barrels…	未公布	—
Red OakThe volume hardwood of North America: strong, open-pored, pinkish, and sawn in greater quantity…	未公布	—
Hard MapleA very hard, pale, fine-grained hardwood that takes heavy wear without denting - the standard…	未公布	—
Black WalnutThe dark, strong, dimensionally stable hardwood that American furniture and gunstocks are made…	未公布	—
Yellow PoplarA fast-growing, light, straight-grained American hardwood - neither a poplar nor yellow in the…	未公布	—
TeakA tropical hardwood whose natural oils make it hold up outdoors and against saltwater better…	未公布	—
EucalyptusThe fastest-growing hardwood planted at scale, harvested on rotations as short as six or seven…	未公布	—