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100%
of the world's gallium comes out of China
Mine production, 2025 · USGS
88%
of the world's bismuth comes out of China
Mine production, 2025 · USGS
87%
of the world's silicon comes out of China
Mine production, 2025 · USGS
14
materials the United States imports every single gram of
Net import reliance, 2025 · USGS
27
materials nobody mines on purpose — they arrive as somebody else's by-product
Editorial classification
1,000,000 litres
becomes 8 kg of contained lithium
Worked example · follow it step by step
1,000 tonnes
becomes 1.6 tonnes of finished sintered magnet
Worked example · follow it step by step
1,000 tonnes
becomes 250 tonnes of primary aluminium
Worked example · follow it step by step
200 tonnes
becomes 25 tonnes of enriched fuel
Worked example · follow it step by step
0.2–0.3 kg
of neodymium in one NdFeB Permanent Magnet, per kg of finished magnet
Indicative range · see the basis
100–200 kg
of neodymium in one Direct-Drive Offshore Wind Turbine, per MW of capacity
Indicative range · see the basis
6–9 kg
of lithium in one NMC Lithium-Ion Battery, per 75 kWh pack
Indicative range · see the basis
Tudo é uma cadeia
Todas as cadeias de fornecimento →As mesmas nove etapas estão por detrás de quase todo o produto físico. Aqui estão para o cobre — clique em qualquer etapa para ver o que ela contém.
-
01Matéria-prima
O que é e onde se encontra no solo
Cobre no subsolo — aqui como malaquite verde
-
02Jazida
O mineral que efetivamente o transporta
Calcopirite, o minério de cobre mais importante
-
03Mina
Quem extrai e como
Escondida, Chile — a maior mina de cobre do mundo por volume de produção
-
04Processamento
Britagem, flotação, fundição
A flotação por espuma separa os minerais de cobre da rocha triturada
-
05Refinação
Obter uma pureza utilizável
Ânodos de cobre a caminho da refinaria
-
06Componente
A peça em que se torna
Enrolamentos de cobre no interior de um motor elétrico
-
07Produto
O produto que se pode comprar
Um automóvel elétrico
-
08Mercado final
Quem precisa e porquê
Redes elétricas
-
09Empresa
Quem é proprietário dos ativos
Sede da BHP em Melbourne — a BHP opera a Escondida
Uma tonelada de cobre, de uma mina chilena a fio — minério de 0,5%, uma fundição em outro continente, e o ouro e o telúrio que saem no caminho. Acompanhe →
Acompanhe uma remessa, fronteira a fronteira
Todas as jornadas →O petróleo extra-pesado venezuelano e o Arab Light saudita são ambos "petróleo", e apenas um deles pode ser refinado em quase qualquer lugar. Escolha um material, escolha onde foi extraído, e veja quem o detém em cada fronteira.
Venezuelan extra-heavy crude to diesel, asphalt and aluminium anodes
Oil so thick it will not flow down a pipe, and cannot be refined by most refineries on Earth.
Saudi Arab Light to petrol, almost anywhere
The same commodity, a fraction of the effort — because of what the molecule is.
Alberta oil sands: mined like ore, refined like oil
The only oil in the world that is dug up with a shovel and graded like an orebody.
Chilean brine to a battery in a car
The ore is water. The first year and a half of processing is done by the sun, for free.
Australian spodumene to a battery, the fast way
Eight weeks instead of eighteen months, at the cost of a great deal more energy.
New Caledonian laterite to stainless steel
An island that smelts its own ore, and pays for it with the most expensive electricity in the industry.
Indonesian laterite to a battery cathode
A country that banned raw ore exports and built the processing industry instead.
Chilean sulfide concentrate to Chinese cathode to a wire
Chile mines the most copper in the world. China refines the most. Those are not the same sentence.
Ou veja as mesmas cadeias sem as fronteiras
Materiais em escassez mundial
A lista completa de minerais críticos →Indicador de criticalidade conforme designado na USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. As participações do produtor líder são estimativas de 2025 da mesma fonte.
Europium
The rare earth that glows red under ultraviolet light, and which for decades put the red in every colour television.
Lutetium
The last and densest rare earth, used in the crystals that detect gamma rays inside a PET scanner.
Cobalt
A hard, bluish metal that keeps a battery's cathode stable so it does not overheat, and that holds its strength when red hot.
Ytterbium
A rare earth used in the fibre lasers that cut steel in factories, and in some of the most accurate atomic clocks ever built.
Rare Earths (all)
A family of seventeen metals that are not actually rare in the ground, but are hard to separate from each other because they…
Germanium
The element the very first transistors were made from, now used mainly for infrared lenses and fibre-optic glass.
Dysprosium
A heavy rare earth added in small amounts to magnets so they keep working when they get hot.
Fluorspar
Calcium fluoride, the mineral that every fluorine atom in industry ultimately comes from — including the fluorine in battery…
Três formas de entrar
Explore os números
Um milhão de carros elétricos consumiria 4,4% da produção mundial anual de grafita.
Escolha qualquer tecnologia e qualquer quantidade e veja a demanda de materiais em relação à oferta mundial.
Abrir a calculadora →
Ver o quadro completo
77 elementos são commodities negociadas. O restante da tabela periódica não é.
Quais elementos a economia realmente utiliza — e, igualmente útil, quais não utiliza.
Abrir a tabela periódica →
Pergunte
"Quais países controlam a produção de cobalto?"
Respondido apenas a partir deste site, com o período de referência e as páginas de onde provém. Não adivinha.
Consultar os Dados →
Último relatório
Todas as notícias →Títulos e resumos de publicações identificadas, com ligação ao original. Não republicamos artigos.
US Department of Energy names helium to critical materials list
Global demand for helium is growing faster than production, increasing supply risks for American manufacturers, DOE said.
Bannerman pulls trigger on $353M uranium mine
Construction on the Etango uranium project in Namibia approved, with funding secured without project debt and first production targeted for 2028.
Why Trump and Carney Haven’t Touched Energy in Their Tariff War
The United States and Canada are locked in an energy trade war – sort of. Although United States President Donald Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney have lobbed plenty of…
White House says the US is lifting tariffs on some Canadian goods
Susan Collins, a Republican in a tight race to keep her senate seat in next month's elections, said she had been working with the White House on tariff relief.
Newmont prices Red Chris expansion at up to $4.8B
Newmont (NYSE, ASX: NEM) put a price of up to $4.8 billion (C$6.4 billion) on taking its Red Chris copper-gold mine underground in British Columbia, with commercial production targeted…
Lithium’s $100B question: Who will build 134 new mines?
Global lithium demand is expected to more than triple by 2050, equivalent to the output of 134 new mines and more than $100 billion (C$139.8 billion) in investment before accounting... The…
New Found Gold doubles Queensway valuation to $1.7B
New Found Gold (TSX, NYSE-A: NFGC) has more than doubled the projected value of its Queensway gold project in Newfoundland to C$1.73 billion while expanding measured and indicated resources…
Southern Copper weighs $680M Cuajone expansion
Southern Copper (NYSE, BVL: SCCO) is evaluating a $680-million (C$950.6 million) expansion of its Cuajone mine in southern Peru to counter declining ore grades and improve efficiency as the…
Fotografias desta página · 50
- TWIN-BUTTES MINE. AERIAL OF OPEN PIT MINE, 1,000 FEET DEEP. (FROM THE D… · Cornelius M. Keyes · Public domain
- Big truck looks small in an open pit mine.jpg · Rob and Stephanie Levy from Townsville, Australia · CC BY 2.0
- Quartz, malachite.jpg · Géry PARENT · Public domain
- Chalcopyrite, Quartz, Siderite. Friedrich Wilhelm mine, Herdorf, Westph… · Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Escondida Copper Mine, Atacama Desert, Chile 2009-12-09 lrg.jpg · The image was taken by the the Expedition 22 crew. · Public domain
- Prominenthill-flotation.jpg · Geomartin · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Train with anodes in Pori (1).jpg · Joe K. · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Stator Winding of a BLDC Motor.jpg · Medvedev · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Electric car charging at a station during the day with the charging cab… · Shixart1985 · CC BY 2.0
- Transmission tower of a high-voltage overhead powerlines File 022.jpg · Novoklimov · CC BY 4.0
- 171 Collins Street Melbourne.jpg · HappyWaldo · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Orinoco Oil Belt.png · Christopher J. Schenk · Public domain
- Saudi Aramco oil pipe lines,Jubail - panoramio.jpg · Suresh Babunair · CC BY 3.0
- Members of Medical Survey Gorup watch shovel in operation loading overb… · Russell Lee · Public domain
- Lithium Ponds of Chile's Salar de Atacama (SVS15006).jpg · NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - SSAI/R… · Public domain
- Brockman 4 open pit after blast, September 2018.jpg · Calistemon · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Camp minier goro nouvelle caledonie.jpg · Barsamuphe · CC BY 3.0
- A part of nickel industry in Kolaka, South East Sulawesi Province.jpg · Famhar1968 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Chuquicamata copper mine - Chuquicamata-Kupfermine.jpg · Alexander Gerst · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Plastic bottle containing gallium metal.JPG · Pixelmaniac pictures ( Leave a reply ) · CC0
- Bismuth crystal Créer le cristal n01.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
- Wafer 20110212.jpg · Sangitiana Fararano · CC BY-SA 2.0
- CSIRO ScienceImage 8217 A bulk carrier entering Port Hunter Newcastle N… · Nick Pitsas, CSIRO · CC BY 3.0
- US Navy 090715-N-5821P-002 Aviation Support Equipment Technician Airman… · U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialis… · Public domain
- Electric car charging point, Wetherby service station (30th November 20… · Mtaylor848 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Wheel hub motor of an electric kick scooter, sidepanel removed (2022).jpg · Andrez1 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Detailed view of a cross-section of a modern window frame shows multipl… · Shixart1985 · CC BY 2.0
- Clementine reactor core.jpg · E. T. Jurney · Public domain
- 4 Neodymium magnets from hard disks-6175.jpg · Raimond Spekking · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Nacelle of Wind Turbine 01.jpg · Σ64 · CC BY 4.0
- Lithium Ion Battery Cell - Cylindrical Cell, Prismatic Cell, Pouch Cell.png · CRBAman · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Europium prvek.jpg · Milda 444 · CC BY-SA 4.0
- PET-schema.png · Jens Maus ( https://jens-maus.de/ ) · Public domain
- Cobaltite (GeoDIL number - 1151).jpg · Darla Sondrol · CC0
- Ytterbium (Element - 70) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
- Mountain Pass Rare Earth Mine, Mountain Pass, California (15470415247).jpg · Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0
- Miniman M 703 germanium crystal radio made in Japan late 1950s.jpg · R. Henrik Nilsson · CC BY 4.0
- Dysprosium (Element - 66) 2.jpg · James St. John · CC BY 2.0
- Fluorite crystals.jpg · Marek Novotňák · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Minerals in the Indian Museum, Kolkata 05.jpg · Kritzolina · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Museum - Exhibition Nature theatre 06 -… · Photographer: Henk Caspers/Naturalis · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Drill core repository - Geological and Mining Institute of Spain 03.JPG · PePeEfe · CC BY-SA 4.0
- ISS Magnet.jpg · Ordan, Julien Marius · CC BY 4.0
- Uranium ore and "yellowcake" uranium concentrate at the Greifswald Nucl… · Siarhei Besarab · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Photovoltaic Panels Reap Solar Energy on Farms (20240809-USDA-RD-DCK-03… · USDAgov · Public domain
- World mirror relief map ru.png · World_mirror_relief_map.png : Das steinerne Her… · CC BY-SA 3.0
- Krolewska Huta Prezydent mine headframe.jpg · Aleksander Siermontowski (1889-1942) · Public domain
- Spodumene Nuristan Créer le cristal.jpg · Marie-Lan Taÿ Pamart · CC BY 4.0
- AZ Gold Nugget Quartz.jpg · Bryan Barnes · CC BY-SA 4.0
- Chalcopyrite botroïdale.jpg · Didier Descouens · CC BY-SA 3.0
Todas as fotografias são do Wikimedia Commons e utilizadas sob a licença indicada.